Negotiation Phase and Scenarios of Drama †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Examine about the Negotiation Phase and Scenarios of Drama. Answer: Presentation: The nation picked is UK, where the attention is on Brexit arrangements. As indicated by the European parliament, there are various perspectives on the sequencing and extent of exchanges where the Department for the Existing the European Union is for the dealings and to leave EU for the foundation of relations among UK and EU (Kreilinger et al., 2017). It incorporates the drawing in of relations among UK and EU in a valuable way with the true participation too. The exchanges are overseen by the various associations alongside taking care of the various foundations like DExEU organizing between the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, UKREP (UK Permanent Representation to EU) and different parts. The qualities are to perceive the significance of the business and work on taking care of the arrangement strategy with the advancement of specialized and logical progression and afterward work for the maintainable improvement with adjusted financial development and estimating steadiness. With this, the attention is on progressing in the direction of making sure about the concession to the financial and security collaboration. The significant intrigue and the issues identified with the framework is to act and work towards the submission crusade where the individuals are attempting to keep up an equalization on the administration arranging occasion (Maslow, 2017). The monetary viewpoint majorly affects the Scottish arrangements. (Wincott, 2017). The issues are identified with the needs and the quality where the capacity is to chip away at the conceivable results of Brexit talks. The major choices are about the nearest consultants with effect on invalidations with great working relatio nship. References Kreilinger, V., Becker, S. furthermore, Wolfstdter, L.M., 2017. Brexit: Negotiation stage and situations of a show in three acts. Marlow, D., 2017. By what means can urban and neighborhood initiative groups explore the looming universal relations upset? A professional viewpoint.Local Economy,32(4), pp.273-280. Wincott, D., 2017. Brexit difficulties: New chances and extreme decisions in agitated times.The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, p.1369148117725316.

Surveillance and intelligence Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reconnaissance and knowledge - Term Paper Example Festinger in his investigation of the subjective cacophony hypothesis gave the similarity of a dreadful individual, who couldn't discover equivalent reason for his dread. The person’s information that he is dreadful is contradictory with his insight that there is nothing to fear. (Wicklund and Brehm1). Cognizance or components of information allude to information one has concerning the earth or himself (Wicklund and Brehm 3). Basic scholars need to comprehend the psychological cacophony and how it impacts on our reaction to residential and global turns of events. As indicated by Festinger, it is this vulnerability in information that comes full circle in a mental state known as intellectual cacophony. Discernment additionally differs in degree to which it has protection from information. For instance, a person’s information on the greenness of grass is colossally impervious to change; an individual with typical vision would think that its hard to picture grass just like some other shading than green. By and large, there are two unmistakable wellsprings of protection from change. The primary wellspring of protection from change is trouble in adjusting occasions cognized. What is regularly alluded to as realities, for instance, the grass is green, those common viewpoints that give us firm and clear comprehensions. Then again, exceptionally equivocal occasions, for instance, what will be the personal satisfaction on earth a century from now?, isn't clear. The second wellspring of protection from change is the lucidity of reality introduced by comprehension. Insights concerning authentic occasions are enormously impervious to change. Then again, contemporaneous occasions and comprehensions identified with them are simpler to change. For instance, on the off chance that one finds that the forced air system is excessively loud, the person can just choose to turn it off. The first explanation of Festinger’s subjective disharmony hypothesis along t hese lines outstandingly proposed protection from change of comprehensions and extent of discernments that are cacophonous. Consideration of the last recommendation recognizes subjective cacophony hypothesis from different speculations of psychological equalization, and makes it a prolific wellspring of examination. Psychological disharmony hypothesis anyway neglects a few perspectives that describe it from different speculations of intellectual parity (Wicklund and Brehm 3). 2. Go into either â€Å"Factcheck.org† or â€Å"Politifact.com† and checkout one of the â€Å"Pants on fire† introductions. Compose a short note why the first case can't be validated (30 focuses). The United States of America Congress budgetary administrations board of trustees executive in a place of congress floor discourse remarked that â€Å"members of Congress†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦are going to be the main individuals in America to get appropriations in the Obamacare exchanges† (â€Å"G OP rep. Jeb Hensarling Assails,† politifact.com). Obama and his partners made a framework in which most Americans who have protection stay on their current medical coverage plans. The commercial centers were made for Americans who needed protection altogether. Appropriations in Obamacare were turned out in October first, 2013; that day the shutdown started. Any American with a predetermined pay range and who buys protection on the Obamacare commercial center will be qualified for endowments as assessment credits. Staff members and administrators don't meet all requirements for the specified sponsorships or expense credits, since their salary is high. Rather they meet all requirements for business cost sharing; that is, boss supported medical coverage designs that since a long time ago went before the Obama care wellbeing framework. Obamacare is

buy custom The Conflicts in Two Stories by Kate Chopin essay

purchase custom The Conflicts in Two Stories by Kate Chopin exposition This paper tries to investigate the contentions in two stories by Kate Chopin. The two stories are The Storm and Desirees Baby. The Storm is a tale about ladylike sexuality and energetic love of Calixtia and her sweetheart Alcee. The two detonated their mind-boggling energy that had developed during the previous years. The Storm has five characters Calixtia, her better half Bobinot, their child Bibi, Calixtias sweetheart Alcee, and his significant other Clarssee. Everything in the story occurs during and in light of the Storm. The story's setting is in the late nineteenth century at Friedheimers shop in Louisiana and the neighboring place of Calixta and Bobinot. The story is in five segments with the main taking care of the drawing closer of the tempest, the second discussing Calixtas sweetheart looking for cover in her home and the third stage investigating the adoration that develops between the two. The last two segments portray how the two darlings return to their wedding obligat ions with no blame of what unfolded between them during the tempest. Desirees child is an exceptionally thought inciting story that discussions about affection, bigotry, and preference. The setting of the story is in south of America when individuals of various races didn't concur, and the second rate individuals were the blacks. Armand is a main character in the story that is a slave proprietor in Louisiana and the creator depicts him as the person who had everything. Armand is a glad man who can effectively keep the name of his family. This is obvious when he abandons his significant other and kid in light of the fact that the lady is dark, and this is an affront to the family. The kid is a kid, and he later own professes to cherish him, as he will be the one to carry on the name of the family. The creator of the two stories draws out certain contentions, which we currently center around. In the story, the Storm, there is the dispute of climate being an avocation for double dealing. In the story, everything happens during the tempest where we see two wedded individuals break into their physical wants. During the shower when her better half is set for stores with their child, Calixta welcomes Alcee to shield in her home and afterward they wind up undermining their accomplices. The contention is that during times of this book, ladies were to be unwavering, and the writer draws out the underhandedness present in relationships. In the story Desirees infant, the contention is in the affection for Desiree and Armand. Desiree cherishes Armand truly while Armand is incredibly pleased to adore a lady with blended races. Looking at the contentions in the two stories, we see that the vast majority don't know about what others feel for them particularly in relationships. In the Storm, Calixtas spouse stresses that the wife will be startled by the tempest and even gets her a container of shrimps to quiet her down after the tempest. Then again, Calixta isn't blameworthy that she undermines her significant other with Alcee as she proceeds with her wedding obligations as though nothing occurred. In Desirees child, Desiree cherishes the spouse and will effectively keep her marriage however later on in the story, it is apparent that Armand doesn't adore Desiree. He lets his pride conquer the adoration they have by abandoning his better half and youngster since she is of blended races and this could hurt the picture of the family. There is a contention of the reasons the individuals in relationships use as a legitimization for their impropriety. In relationships accomplices should be loyal and fair to one another particularly about their sentiments yet in the two stories, this isn't the situation. Purchase custom The Conflicts in Two Stories by Kate Chopin article purchase custom The Conflicts in Two Stories by Kate Chopin article This paper looks to investigate the contentions in two stories by Kate Chopin. The two stories are The Storm and Desirees Baby. The Storm is a tale about ladylike sexuality and energetic love of Calixtia and her darling Alcee. The two detonated their mind-boggling enthusiasm that had developed during the previous years. The Storm has five characters Calixtia, her significant other Bobinot, their child Bibi, Calixtias darling Alcee, and his better half Clarssee. Everything in the story occurs during and in view of the Storm. The story's setting is in the late nineteenth century at Friedheimers shop in Louisiana and the neighboring place of Calixta and Bobinot. The story is in five segments with the principal taking care of the drawing nearer of the tempest, the second discussing Calixtas darling looking for cover in her home and the third stage investigating the affection that develops between the two. The last two areas portray how the two darlings return to their wedding duties with no blame of what happened between them during the tempest. Desirees infant is an exceptionally thought inciting story that discussions about affection, bigotry, and preference. The setting of the story is in south of America when individuals of various races didn't concur, and the second rate individuals were the blacks. Armand is a main character in the story that is a slave proprietor in Louisiana and the creator depicts him as the person who had everything. Armand is a glad man who can successfully keep the name of his family. This is obvious when he abandons his better half and youngster in light of the fact that the lady is dark, and this is an affront to the family. The youngster is a kid, and he later own claims to adore him, as he will be the one to carry on the name of the family. The creator of the two stories draws out certain contentions, which we presently center around. In the story, the Storm, there is the conflict of climate being a legitimization for double dealing. In the story, everything happens during the tempest where we see two wedded individuals break into their physical wants. During the shower when her better half is headed toward stores with their child, Calixta welcomes Alcee to shield in her home and afterward they wind up undermining their accomplices. The contention is that during times of this book, ladies were to be reliable, and the writer draws out the evil present in relationships. In the story Desirees child, the contention is in the adoration for Desiree and Armand. Desiree adores Armand truly while Armand is amazingly pleased to cherish a lady with blended races. Contrasting the contentions in the two stories, we see that the vast majority don't know about what others feel for them particularly in relationships. In the Storm, Calixtas spouse stresses that the wife will be startled by the tempest and even gets her a container of shrimps to quiet her down after the tempest. Then again, Calixta isn't liable that she undermines her significant other with Alcee as she proceeds with her wedding obligations as though nothing occurred. In Desirees child, Desiree cherishes the spouse and will effectively keep her marriage yet later on in the story, it is apparent that Armand doesn't adore Desiree. He lets his pride defeat the adoration they have by abandoning his better half and youngster since she is of blended races and this could hurt the picture of the family. There is a contention of the reasons the individuals in relationships use as a defense for their unethical behavior. In relationships accomplices should be reliable and fair to one another particularly about their sentiments however in the two stories, this isn't the situation. Purchase custom The Conflicts in Two Stories by Kate Chopin paper

Application White Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Application White Paper - Assignment Example The paper will likewise give proposal on how the inn can improve its administration conveyance. Online surveys help to improve for the most part execution of an association since it helps directors in dynamic and assets assignment. It likewise enables the association to break down its qualities, shortcoming, openings and dangers to improve its products and ventures. The advantages of hierarchical investigation is to help improve authoritative execution comparable to is contenders through its crucial, assets allotment, item and administrations, administration, hierarchical culture and morals, upper hands, worker and consumer loyalty (Bekefi, 2008). Accommodation industry assumes a significant financial job in United States of America (Zacks, 2012). Lodging industry over the globe is influenced by changes popular of their merchandise and ventures depending with the predominant season. A particular lodging needs to build up an items and administrations that will guarantee steady salary during the time regardless of the current contenders. Their administrations ought to be extraordinary and serious contrasted with the items and administrations of their genuine rivals. Consumer loyalty is a key factor to the achievement of any cordiality association. Neighborliness industry offers home like administrations to exceptional clients from home. Along these lines the client desires for quality merchandise and enterprises are higher in neighborliness industry than in some other industry (Taylor, 2012). To improve administrations conveyance and keep up client eminence, an association must look to get the clients criticism as to their administrations. In the present data age most clients look for their items and administrations on the web. Clients likewise give negative and positive input online in Social Medias just as the company’s site. Renivate programming is an online stage explicitly

Foils Of Hamlet Essays - Characters In Hamlet, Fiction, Literature

Foils Of Hamlet Essays - Characters In Hamlet, Fiction, Literature Foils Of Hamlet the foils of villa In his plays, Shakespeare regularly places the opponents in conditions like or looking like the issues of the primary character or saint. He does this so as to give us an away from of what the characters resemble, through difference or similitude between them. These abstract analyses are called foils. In Hamlet, Shakespeare gives us numerous foils for Hamlet, the fundamental character. One significant foil is Ophelia. Hamlet and Ophelia have both lost their dads. In the start of the play it appears that Hamlet is grieving excessively and over responding, however when Ophelia loses her dad it makes Hamlets grieving appear to be inconspicuous. Ophelia is influenced by her dads passing and it in the long run prompts a factor in her craziness and demise. This progressions the manner in which we take a gander at Hamlet and Ophelia. Another foil for Hamlet is Polonius, Laertes and Ophelias father. Hamlet and Polonius rush to talk or and lash out in energy. Them two have committed significant errors due to this undesirable attribute. Hamlet has, on numerous events, verbally expressed too rapidly or carried on of anger or obliviousness and hurt himself as well as other people. When Polonius keeps an eye on Hamlet and the Queen, Hamlet imagines that the ruler is spying behind the shade, and without knowing who it truly is he cuts Polonius and slaughters him. Polonius likewise has a similar issue, yet with a lot more agreeable outcomes. Polonius normally winds up simply making himself sound like a prattling fool by not thoroughly considering things first. He never truly hurt anybody and his killing by Hamlets blade causes Hamlet to appear to be more the bonehead. This foil gives Hamlet the picture of a savage individual that doesnt realize how to control his feelings, and in this occurrence he nearly turns into the opponent. Hamlet likewise has foils that arent as near him. Like the youthful Fortinbras, the nephew to the lord of Norway. Fortinbras dad, the lord was slaughtered, and his uncle, the rulers sibling assumed control over the crown. Precisely the same thing happened to Hamlet. The two nations additionally have a sovereign who feels that they were burglarized from the crown. Fortinbras, as opposed to Hamlet, plays a functioning job in Norways authority. In act IV scene 4, he drives a military on to Poland. He likewise does this since he needs to retaliate for his dads passing by taking what he accepts to be legitimately his. Hamlet invests the vast majority of his energy scowling or griping, and it causes him to appear to be somewhat ruined and fearful, as though he doesnt need to confront the world. He stays quiet about his plot for vengeance. In fairly a similar way Laertes is a foil to Hamlet. He also looks for vengeance for his dads demise, and does it transparently. He goes similarly as getting a horde together supporting him to be above all else. It appears to be radical yet it presumably would have been exceptiona l for Hamlet to go about things along these lines. In the event that he hadnt kept it in the stronghold a great deal of terrible things wouldnt have occurred. Hamlet could experience spared a ton of difficulty on the off chance that he went about things the manner in which Laertes did, however then we would have an exhausting play. Something else for Hamlet and Laertes is their adoration for Ophelia. Clearly they are totally various types of affection, however both are amazingly solid. Laertes thinks about his sister and offers her solid guidance concerning her and Hamlet. He cautions her against keeping a connection with him, indicating that he doesnt like Hamlet. After Ophelia rejects Hamlet, his affection ceases to exist and he gets pale and debilitated, demonstrating the amount he thought about her. It is odd that both these characters care such a great amount for Ophelia yet detest each other to death. When Ophelia passes on, both are stunned and angered. At long last at her in ternment the two of them wind up hopping into Ophelias grave and battling each other not without a fight. Their outrageous love for her and significant despise for one another is right around a puzzle. Laertes likewise, similar to his dad, has a similar imprudence and suddenness as Hamlet. There are many, numerous foils all through this play,

How to Become a Happy Person

How to Become a Happy Person Happiness Print How to Become a Happy Person By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Updated on April 23, 2019 Klaus Vedfelt / Getty Images More in Self-Improvement Happiness Meditation Stress Management Spirituality Holistic Health Inspiration Brain Health Technology Relationships View All Happiness is an age-old and sometimes elusive goal. Virtually all people want to be happy people, which is good, because happy people are better off, for reasons both obvious and subtle. Obviously, it feels good to be happy. But, looking deeper, happy people tend to enjoy benefits that unhappy people don’t, and, thanks to research from the field of positive psychology, we know more about some of these subtle differences. For one thing, they tend to enjoy more successes in life. You may be thinking that happiness and success go hand-in-hand because success causes happiness, not the other way around. Researchers Julia Boehm and Sonja Lyubomirsky at the University of California in Riverside thought about this, too. Seeing that happy people tended to earn more money, display a superior performance, and help others more often,  they set out to test the hypotheses that happiness causes success, and found happiness is indeed associated with (and precedes) several successful outcomes including higher earnings and greater performance, as well as behaviors that go along with success, like helping others. Their research found that the relationship goes both ways: Success brings happiness, but happiness actually does bring success, too. Another benefit that happy people share is good health. Studies have found that happy people experience lower levels of cortisol in their saliva, lower blood pressure, lower ambulatory heart rate in men, and reduced neuroendocrine, inflammatory, and cardiovascular activity. All this leads to greater health, which is definitely something to be happy about. What Happy People Have in Common So, what makes happy people, well, happy people? It seems that happy people tend to have a few things in common. Very happy people are found to be very social  and have stronger romantic and social relationships with others than less-happy people. Research has also found happy people to be energetic, decisive, creative, social, trusting, loving, and responsive. Rather than being strongly linked to external characteristics like socioeconomic status, gender or age, happiness is more positively associated with having a philosophical view of life, using laughter and humor, being able to relate to others, having problem-solving skills, engaging in meaningful pursuits and leisure activities, living in a positive environment, and maintaining a well-balanced lifestyle. Positive psychology research also illuminates specific activities that can bring feelings of happiness. Performed regularly, these activities can lead people with a lower happiness setpoint to increase their regular levels of positive affect (good mood) and happiness in general.  These activities include pleasures, gratifications, and flows. Secrets to Being Happy There are several routes to happiness. Some are quick and bring immediate positive feelings, and others take more time and bring lasting and repeated feelings of happiness. The following resources bring several strategies from both categories, which can help you become and stay one of the world’s happy people. Happiness Shortcuts:  Here are some quick strategies that can help you feel an instant burst of happiness right now.How to Be Happy:  Here are some more long-term strategies for attaining happiness in your life.Does Your Lifestyle Make You Happy?  Just because youre doing everything right, doesnt mean its making you happy. Take this quiz to find out if how youre living is actually working against your efforts to be happy.

5 Things You Should Know About Email Marketing

It's true that social media has increasingly become the go-to method of communication for customers who want a quick response from their favorite brands. But, don't think that means email no longer matters. In fact, email is still a vital marketing strategy for building and strengthening relationships with your audience. Related: How to write a newsletter in less than an hour Doing this right requires a savvy, specialized approach to email writing. Unlike social media where the communication is informal, an email is more like a traditional letter where professionalism is an expected ingredient. To help you send the right message, here are 5 things you should always practice in your email marketing. 1. Reach out with a purpose When composing an email, think about what you want to achieve—and from there, decide what information you should include in your message. Going in with vague ideas will most likely lead to confusion and miscommunication, so make sure your emails are always driven by purpose rather than the calendar. Or, put another way: it's okay to send fewer emails if it means the emails you do send are more impactful. Each email you send should serve a singular, clear purpose. Asking your audience to do too many things at once will result in them doing nothing at all—an unfortunate side effect of the choice paradox. With one strong call-to-action, you have a much higher chance of persuading your audience to take the next step. 2. Put yourself in their shoes Step back and take a look at the email you've composed. Would you appreciate this email if it arrived in your inbox? Does it offer something informative, entertaining or valuable? If not, you still have work to do. Here's an idea: present a problem to the reader and solve it in the email. If you've done your homework, you should know your target audience's desires and pain points. Speaking directly to their experience will be far more compelling than simply advertising your latest sale or blog post. 3. Use a structure that's easy to follow Structuring your emails not only makes them look more professional, it also makes them easier to read. You don't want to send big blocks of text—this will only discourage your audience from reading the email. By using a structured template, you can use colors and images to break up the text, organize your paragraphs, and offer visual appeal. You can also make links stand out by using buttons or brightly colored text. Don't forget that your emails are an opportunity to showcase your brand's personality. When you use the same template over time, you build brand consistency that boosts awareness and recognition. And as we know from our research, that consistency can pay off in a big way down the line. 4. Be specific and concise As a person living in the modern world, you already know this: we're all bombarded with emails from coworkers, family members, and companies sending us marketing messages. In the ongoing quest towards Inbox Zero, most people won't spend a lot of time reading your email. To make it easier for them to appreciate your message, make it specific and concise. Choose your words purposefully, and cut out anything that slows down the reader or muddies your message. If someone can open your email, read it, and understand its purpose within 60 seconds, that's great. 30 seconds? Even better. 5. Proofread and test your emails! So many people forget (or choose not) to do this, leaving mistakes in their content which make them seem unprofessional. Definitely not a good look for anyone, this can be prevented with a simple process called... proofreading. Simply reading your work goes a long way toward catching any grammar mistakes you have made, which will save you a load of embarrassment. No one wants to discover that they misspelled a word in an email to their entire customer base. How about another pair of eyes? If you want someone to see it fresh, you can ask someone else to do it. You could even hire an online freelancer to get help from a highly qualified person. Sure, it costs money, but it might be worth the peace of mind to know your emails are top-notch. Finally, send yourself a test version of your email. See how it looks in different browsers and on different devices, including desktop and mobile. A formatting error which is unnoticeable in Chrome might be egregious on iOS, so it's better to cover your bases before you hit send. Ready to wow your audience with beautifully designed newsletters? Lucidpress will help you send the right message.

The Life of Gertrude Bell, English Explorer in Iraq

Gertrude Bell (July 14, 1868 – July 12, 1926) was a British writer, politician, and archaeologist whose knowledge and travels in the Middle East made her a valuable and influential person in British administration of the region. Unlike many of her countrymen, she was regarded with considerable respect by the locals in Iraq, Jordan, and other countries. Fast Facts: Gertrude Bell Full Name: Gertrude Margaret Lowthian BellKnown For: Archaeologist and historian who gained significant knowledge of the Middle East and helped shape the region post-World War I. She was particularly influential in the creation of the state of Iraq.Born: July 14, 1868 in Washington New Hall,  County Durham, EnglandDied: July 12, 1926 in Baghdad, IraqParents: Sir Hugh Bell and Mary BellHonors: Order of the British Empire; namesake of the mountain Gertrudspitze and the wild bee genus  Belliturgula Early Life Gertrude Bell was born in Washington, England, in the northeastern county of Durham. Her father was Sir Hugh Bell, a baronet who was a sheriff and a justice of the peace before joining the family manufacturing firm, Bell Brothers, and gaining a reputation for being a progressive and caring boss. Her mother, Mary Shield Bell, died giving birth to a son, Maurice, when Bell was only three years old. Sir Hugh remarried four years later to Florence Olliffe. Bell’s family was wealthy and influential; her grandfather was ironmaster and politician Sir Isaac Lowthian Bell. A playwright and children’s author, her stepmother was a major influence on Bells early life. She taught Bell etiquette and decorum, but also encouraged her intellectual curiosity and social responsibility. Bell was well-educated, first attending Queen’s College, then Lady Margaret Hall at Oxford University. Despite the limitations placed on female students, Bell graduated with first-class honors in just two years, becoming one of the first two Oxford women to achieve those honors with a modern history degree (the other was her classmate Alice Greenwood). World Travels After completing her degree, in 1892, Bell began her travels, first heading to Persia to visit her uncle, Sir Frank Lascelles, who was a minister at the embassy there. Only two years later, she published her first book, Persian Pictures, describing these travels. For Bell, this was only the beginning of over a decade of extensive travel. Bell quickly became a bonafide adventurer, going mountaineering in Switzerland and developing fluency in several languages, including French, German, Persian, and Arabic (plus proficiency in Italian and Turkish). She developed a passion for archaeology and continued her interest in modern history and peoples. In 1899, she returned to the Middle East, visiting Palestine and Syria and stopping in the historic cities of Jerusalem and Damascus. In the course of her travels, she began to become acquainted with the people living in the region. In addition to simply traveling, Bell continued some of her more daring expeditions. She climbed Mont Blanc, the highest peak in the Alps, and even had one peak, the Gertrudspitze, named after her in 1901. She also spent considerable time in the Arabian Peninsula over the course of more than a decade. King of Saudi Arabia, Ibn Saud, meets with British diplomat Sir Percy Cox and political advisor Gertrude Bell in Basra, Mesopotamia. The LIFE Picture Collection / Getty Images Bell never married or had any children, and only had a few known romantic attachments. After meeting the administrator Sir Frank Swettenham on a visit to Singapore, she kept up a correspondence with him, despite their 18-year age gap. They had a brief affair in 1904 after his return to England. More significantly, she exchanged passionate love letters from 1913 until 1915 with Lieutenant Colonel Charles Doughty-Wylie, an army officer who was already married. Their affair remained unconsummated, and after his death in action in 1915, she had no other known romances. Archaeologist in the Middle East In 1907, Bell began working with archaeologist and scholar Sir William M. Ramsay. They worked on excavations in modern-day Turkey, as well as the discovery of a field of ancient ruins in the north of Syria. Two years later, she shifted her focus to Mesopotamia, visiting and studying the ruins of ancient cities. In 1913, she became only the second foreign woman to journey to Ha’li, a notoriously unstable and dangerous city in Saudi Arabia. When World War I broke out, Bell tried to obtain a posting in the Middle East but was denied; instead, she volunteered with the Red Cross. However, British intelligence was soon in need of her expertise in the region to get soldiers through the desert. During her expeditions, she forged close relationships with locals and tribe leaders. Starting from there, Bell gained remarkable influence in shaping British policy in the area. Bell became the sole female political officer in the British forces and was sent to areas where her expertise was needed. During this time, she also witnessed the horrors of the Armenian genocide and wrote about it in her reports of the time. The delegates of the Mespot Commission at the Cairo Conference. The group was set up by Colonial Secretary Winston Churchill to discuss the future of Arab nations. Gertrude Bell on the left, second row. Corbis Historical / Getty Images Political Career After British forces captured Baghdad in 1917, Bell was given the title of Oriental Secretary and ordered to assist in the restructuring of the area that had previously been the Ottoman Empire. In particular, her focus was the new creation of Iraq. In her report, â€Å"Self Determination in Mesopotamia,† she laid out her ideas about how the new leadership should work, based on her experience in the region and with its people. Unfortunately, the British commissioner, Arnold Wilson, believed that the Arab government needed to be overseen by British officials who would hold the final power, and many of Bell’s recommendations were not implemented. Bell continued on as Oriental Secretary, which in practice meant liaising between the various different factions and interests. At the Cairo Conference of 1921, she was critical in discussions on Iraqi leadership. She advocated for Faisal bin Hussein to be named the first King of Iraq, and when he was installed in the post, she advised him on a wide variety of political matters and supervised the selection of his cabinet and other positions. She gained the moniker al-Khatun among the Arab population, signifying a â€Å"Lady of the Court† who observes to serve the state. Bell also participated in the drawing of borders in the Middle East; her reports from that time proved to be prescient, as she remarked on the likelihood that none of the possible borders and divisions would satisfy all factions and keep long-term peace. Her close relationship with King Faisal also resulted in the founding of the Iraqi Archaeological Museum and an Iraq base of the British School of Archaeology. Bell personally brought artifacts from her own collection and supervised excavations as well. Over the next few years, she remained a key part of the new Iraqi administration. Death and Legacy Bell’s workload, combined with the desert heat and a slew of illnesses, took its toll on her health. She suffered from recurrent bronchitis and began losing weight rapidly. In 1925, she returned to England only to face a new set of problems. Her family’s wealth, made mostly in industry, was in rapid decline, thanks to the combined effects of industrial worker strikes and economic depression across Europe. She became ill with pleurisy and, almost immediately after, her brother Hugh died of typhoid fever. On the morning of July 12, 1926, her maid discovered her dead, apparently of an overdose of sleeping pills. It was unclear if the overdose was accidental or not. She was buried at the British cemetery in the Bab al-Sharji district in Baghdad. In the tributes following her death, she was praised for both her achievements and her personality by her British colleagues, and she was posthumously awarded the Order of the British Empire. Among the Arabic communities she worked with, it was noted that â€Å"she was one of the few representatives of His Majestys Government remembered by the Arabs with anything resembling affection.† Sources Adams, Amanda. Ladies of the Field: Early Women Archaeologists and Their Search for Adventure. Greystone Books Ltd, 2010.Howell, Georgina. Gertrude Bell: Queen of the Desert, Shaper of Nations. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2006.Meyer, Karl E.; Brysac, Shareen B. Kingmakers: The Invention of the Modern Middle East. New York: W.W. Norton Co., 2008.

A Passage To India by E.M. Forster - 1224 Words

In A Passage To India, E.M. Forster uses the technological infrastructure motif to support his theme that people from vastly different backgrounds have difficulty forming true friendships. He contrasts the stately, structured English architecture with the chaotic, organically-inspired Indian architecture and the high-tech, powerful English automobiles with the more primitive transportation alternatives that the Indians possessed. Forster then uses this technological gulf as a metaphor for the significant social stratification between and different cultural mores of the English and the Indians in colonial Indian society. When Mrs. Moore and Dr. Aziz begin to become close, Dr. Aziz’s self-consciousness about his meager abode ultimately leads to a conflict that severs their friendship. Forster also uses the pretentious English clubhouse as a polarizing backdrop when the English glitterati squash Miss Quested’s initial attempts to befriend Indians. Then, when Miss Quest ed and Dr. Aziz visit the Marabar caves, they arrive using primitive transportation (i.e., elephants and horses). After Miss Quested panics and falls down the hill, Mrs. Derek serendipitously arrives to sweep her away in a fancy automobile, leading to the ultimate rupture of any friendship between Miss Quested and Dr. Aziz. Through Forster’s use of this technological infrastructure motif, he vividly demonstrates the separation in power and social class between the ethnic groups in colonial India which,Show MoreRelatedA Passage to India by Forster650 Words   |  3 Pagesnovel, A Passage to India, Forster expresses this male dominance by writing, â€Å"He took no notice of them, and with this, which would have passed without comment in feminist England, did harm in a community where the male is expected to be lively and helpful† (Forster 52). They say that to be female is to be passive, agreeable, timid, emotional, and conventional. The feminist theorists’ a rgument of a male centered society is definitely present in the novel A Passage to India. E.M. Forster revealsRead MoreE.M Forster’s novel A Passage to India1026 Words   |  5 PagesLeonard Woolf considers E.M Forster’s novel A Passage to India to be a representation of ‘’the real life of politics in India, the intricacy of personal relations, the story itself, the muddle and the mystery of life’’ (Jay, 1998). Fosters novel has been the subject of literary criticism from many angles given the highly controversial subject matter which is called into question as to whether it is a genuine representation of India under colonisation written from an objective experience, and whetherRead MoreThe Negative Representation of the East in E.M. Forster’s A Passage to India836 Words   |  3 PagesIn this paper I would like to argue that E.M. Forster’s A Passage to India has represented the East in a negative way. This is a traditional n ovel for exploring themes of racism and the effects of colonialism. It deals with the tensions between India and the Britain during the British Raj in India. The theme which determines the plot-line of this novel is introduced in the beginning through the conversation of Hamidullah, Mahmoud Ali and Aziz as† They were discussing as to whether or no it is possibleRead MoreE M Forster and the British Raj in a Passage to India Essay1327 Words   |  6 PagesAmong these writers E.M. Forster made a mark in the literature of his age through his last novel A Passage to India (1924), which was entirely different from Forsters other novels in that it dealt with the political occupation of India by the British, a colonial domination that ended soon after the publication of this novel. Forster, a liberal and humanist in outlook, emphasised the importance of love and understanding at the personal level in this novel. Edward Morgan Forster was born in LondonRead MoreEssay on A Passage to India1304 Words   |  6 PagesTherefore, E. M. Forster, author of A Passage to India, uses such techniques to portray the true nature of reality. The conflict between Adela, a young British girl, and Aziz, an Indian doctor, at the Marabar Caves is one that implements multiple modernist ideals and is placed in British-India. In this novel, Forster shows the relations and tension between the British and the Indians through a series of events that were all caused by the confusing effects of modernism. E.M. Forster implements suchRead MoreSummary Of A Passage Of India 1404 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish Journey To India In the novel, A Passage to India, E.M. Forster describes how the heritage and civilization of India profoundly differs from England when a class of English set foot in Indian territory with detrimental effects to follow. Introduction Cultural Background of India and England Entering the Caves Detrimental Effects Courthouse Letters with Aziz Assumptions Conclusion Ameera Salman Mrs.King AP English 11 December 2, 2014 The novel, A Passage to India, starts off by statingRead More The Important Role of the Marabar Caves in A Passage to India2630 Words   |  11 PagesThe Important Role of the Marabar Caves in A Passage to India      Ã‚  Ã‚   During the fourteen years that followed the publication of Howards End, Edward Morgan Forster underwent a harsh mood change that culminated in the publication of A Passage to India, Forsters bitterest book (Shusterman 159).   Forster was not alone in his transition to a harsher tone in his fiction.   A Passage to India was written in the era that followed the First World War.   George Thomson writesRead MoreSummary Of A Passage Of India By Quot. Forster1475 Words   |  6 PagesA Passage to India, written by E.M. Forster, is a story of human relations between the British colonists and the people of India. Dr. Aziz, a native Indian and main character in the novel, is extremely frustrated of the way others think about these two cultures together. Some may say it s the position of superiority the British hold that the Indians perceive as degrading. Throughout the novel there is a clear tension between the natives and the colonists that relate to both fictional and historicalRead MoreAnalysis Of Forster s The White Man s Burden 852 Words   |  4 Pages 2. E. M. Forster’s A Passage to India: colonization: emancipation and the bridge of cultural interaction ‘Since freedom is our natural state, we are not only in possession of it but have the urge to defend it’ Étienne De La Boà ©tie Take up the White Man s burden– Read More An Inward Collapse of the Human Perspective in Forsters A Passage to India3965 Words   |  16 PagesCollapse of the Human Perspective in Forsters A Passage to India      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The reverberation of sound in the form of an echo is threaded throughout E.M. Forsters A Passage to India, and the link between the echo and the hollowness of the human spirit is depicted in the text. The echo is not heard in the beginning of the text when the English newcomers, Mrs. Moore and Ms. Quested, arrive in India; it is more clearly heard as their relationship with India gains complexity. The influence of the colonizers

The Effects of Poverty on Children and the Elderly

The Effects of Poverty on Children Liberty University Human Services 500-C06 Dr. Sheila Speight Kathy V. Jones April 6, 2012 Abstract Why should it matter that our country has not been able to ensure that every child has a safe and nurturing childhood? The percentage of children living in poverty in the United States has risen significantly in the last few years. The negative long term effects of poverty can extend from birth into adulthood. Research will show that these children and their families are at risk in many ways and that they will face challenges that will ultimately affect how they will function in this society. The stress of poverty upon the†¦show more content†¦Programs That Mitigate the Effects of Children in Poverty Since 2007, the number of children in the United States who lived in poverty continued to increase. Nearly one in five children were considered to be poor. When compared with children from more affluent families, poor children are more likely to have poor academic performance, health, emotional and behavioral problems. A wide array of government assistance programs and policies were instituted that were intended to mitigate the effects of poverty on low- income children by making sure that their families had access to basic human necessities such a s food, housing, education, and healthcare. (Devaney, 1997, p 88). These public assistance programs were federally funded and were designed to enhance the quality of life for the poor. Programs such as Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), food stamps, school nutrition programs, Medicaid and Head Start. The Food Stamp program provides food assistance nationwide and is based on financial need. It was designed to raise the level of nutrition for low income households with children. This program provides a safety net for poor children to be able to eat even if their family has little or no money. The Food Stamp ProgramShow MoreRelatedHow Money Has A Direct Effect On Development1639 Words   |  7 PagesMillions of children and adults go to bed hungry every night. Many are also homeless and in danger of disease and disaster. Studies are now proving that money has a direct effect on development that can lead to happiness later in life. Children who are malnourished are at risk for learning disabilities and health issues. Adults who are financially insecure are at risk for unhealthy relationships as well as health issues and a lack of mental health. Elderly who are living close to the poverty line areRead MoreFinancial Assistance Programs And Policies For The Poor1548 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to the Census Bureau’s Supplemental Poverty Measure, â€Å"public programs lifted 40 million people out of poverty in 2011† (Sherman, Trisi, Parrot, 2013). Financial assistance programs are a part of the social safety net, a collection of programs aimed at helping the poor and protecting those in financial crisis. Financial assistance programs and policies for the poor are important to our nation and its people and should remain in effect. The programs support vast amounts of American citizensRead MorePoverty Is A Natural Element Of Society1515 Words   |  7 Pagesto escape the cycle of poverty. Poverty is a natural element of society. It has become so open in the American culture that in order to eliminate it would require significant change from both ends of the socio-economic spectrum. Uni ted States is one of the wealthiest nations in the world with high inequality in the nation.. Inequality exists in wealth, power, income and education (Poverty Statistics: USA Poverty, 2015). People who are born in the poverty, stay in a poverty cycle through life, notRead MoreSociology: Poverty and Stratification812 Words   |  4 PagesLiving with a poverty level income is a difficulty facing many people around the world; poverty is a cultural universal, or trait found in every known culture – not an expression of individual differences. The most basic explanation for this is the trend towards social stratification, the system by which society organizes itself into a hierarchy. In some cultures this is manifest in the form of a caste system in which people who are in poverty have little to no chance of escaping it. In the UnitedRead MorePoverty in America Essay1197 Words   |  5 Pages Everyone knows what the word poverty means. It means poor, unable to buy the necessities to survive in todays world. We do not realize how easy it is for a person to fall into poverty: A lost job, a sudden illness, a death in the family or the endless cycle of being born into poverty and not knowing how to overcome it. There are so many children in poverty and a familys structure can effect the outcome. Most of the people who are at the poverty level need some type of help to overcomeRead MoreGenerational Poverty1683 Words   |  7 Pages It examines the effects society has on person or persons. This can consist of generation poverty, the aged or elderly, and women. These populations face complex challenges in their daily lives. Economic instability, lack of resources, lack of education and lack of unity from society keeps special population groups in hardships. Generational poverty involves special population of poor people. It is cycle of poverty wherein two to three generations were born and lived in poverty. Complex factorsRead MoreMajor Risk Factors For Many Residents Living At St. Augustine1337 Words   |  6 Pages1,200-mile coastline, in which local and the government are very much worried about flooding (Simpson, 2015). They re afraid their buildings and economies will be further inundated by rising seas in just a couple of decades (Simpson, 2015). The effects and risks of flooding is a daily reality in much of St. Augustine. According to the demographic profile, there are over 13,000 people living in St. Augustine, with drinking water wells that are fouled by seawater (Simpson, 2015). In theory, one couldRead MoreHow Healthy Are The Youth Of Today s Population1206 Words   |  5 Pageshealthier environment are all gains to be had through improvements and health education. Community outreach programs, healthy lifestyles, and ensur ing vaccine availability for all children are a few simple steps to developing healthy generation. Per Maya Rossin-Slater in her article Promoting Health in Early Childhood, â€Å"Children who are healthy early in life—from conception to age five—not only grow up to be healthier adults, they are also better educated, earn more, and contribute more to the economy†Read MoreAffordable Care Act And Obamacare1171 Words   |  5 PagesMarketplace (health exchanges) became available for individuals to enroll with policies going into effect January 2014. After the first quarter of implementation, â€Å"8 million people signed up for private insurance in the Health Insurance Marketplace and an additional 3 million more people enrolled in Medicaid and CHIP†.8 At the time of inception, there were approximately 454,000 uninsured non-elderly residents in the state of Mississippi. For many years, Mississippi has topped the list of states withRead MoreEssay on Welfare Reform1022 Words   |  5 PagesWelfare Reforms effect on Women and Children The major problem facing poor Women and Children after the adoption of Welfare Reform is, the lack of adequate healthcare for these families. The Women and Children facing this problem are mainly from out-of-wedlock families. It is believed that by removing such benefits it will end such problems like crime, young black men not feeling sense of accomplishment by not working and the bond of community relationships deteriorating. In trying to address

Smoking and Second Hand Smoking Essay - 973 Words

Lifestyle is one of the determinants of health. Several factors influence the family lifestyle in UAE such as smoking. Tobacco uses still a great health hazard. It caused death for more than six million people in the world in 2010 (Aden, Karrar, Shafey Al Hosani, 2013). UAE faces a lot of negative effects related to tobacco such as cardiovascular disease which counted by 37.5% of all deaths in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi (Aden, Karrar, Shafey Al Hosani, 2013). Injury can cause mortality and disability. It was the second leading cause of death UAE between 2000 and 2008 which is estimated at 1200 deaths per year. Around 9% of deaths of children was caused by injury from 2000 to 2008 (Loney, Aw, Daniel, Handysides, Ali, Blair, Grivna Shah,†¦show more content†¦It also can increase the risk of cancer, peripheral vascular diseases, and lung cancer. Smokers are at doubled risk for ischemic stroke (Ockene Miller, 1997). Smoking plays a great role in endocrine disorders. It can dec line the rate of fertility in both male and female. It is also associated with insulin resistance (Tweed, Hsia, Lutfy, Friedman, 2012). Indeed, both types of smoking, active and passive smoking can cause serious health problems. Passive smoking is the inhalation of smoke, by persons other than the intended active smoker. It is also known as second hand smoking and it can cause premature death and morbidity. It can cause ischemic heart disease and asthma (Wipflia Sameta, 2011). Second hand smokers are at increased risk for coronary heart disease by approximately 30% (Barnoya Glantz, 2005). Second hand smoking has undesirable harmful impacts on children. It can cause lower respiratory tract infection, asthma, cot death and meningococcal disease. Children are more prone to develop the above mentioned diseases than adults as, children inhale more polluted air per kilogram (action on smoking and health, 2014). I would like to advise the paterfamilias or any smoker to visit a Clinic for Smoking Cessation as it helps them to stop smoking immediately. Home accidents and injuries are common cause of death in the UAE especially among kids. They spend most of their time inside homes. The parents believe that their home isShow MoreRelatedThe Effects of Smoking Bans on Victims of Exposure to Second Hand Smoke800 Words   |  4 PagesThe Effects of Smoking Bans on Victims of Exposure to Second Hand Smoke Exposure to second hand smoke, which for the purposes of this report will be designated SHS, poses extremely detrimental health risks for any and all individuals who consider themselves non-smokers, especially young children and pregnant women. SHS is estimated to contribute to heart attacks in nonsmokers and causes nearly 53,800 deaths in the United States alone on an annual basis.1 According to the United States SurgeonRead MoreDangers of Second Hand Smoke: Shoud Smoking in Public Areas be Permitted?1578 Words   |  7 PagesShould smoking in public areas be allowed? Have you ever gone to a restaurant or to the bowling alley and come home smelling like cigarette smoke? And while you were there, some people are sitting there smoking by you and you can’t stand the smell of it. So you go out side and to get some fresh air and what do you know there’s some more people lighting it up and smoking but they are polite enough to go outside. Doesn’t this annoy you, that you can barely go anywhere without people smoking in yourRead MoreShould Smoking Be Banned?895 Words   |  4 PagesPeople smoke all over the world. Smoking has been around for many decades. Controlling the usage of smoking depends on the smoker. Believe it or not, the government has a huge part on this. In some countries, smoking in public or enclosed areas is banned. In the United States, the owner of any public place has the right to put a â€Å"No Smoking Area† sign. Unfortunately even with these regulations, the smoker doesn’t realize how smoking c an be harmful to them and their surroundings; people are simplyRead MoreShould Smoking Be Banned Harmful Effects On Individuals And The Economy1498 Words   |  6 Pages Smoking- A Costly and Deadly Habit One of the most common problems today that are killing people all over the world is smoking. Stress, personal issues, and high blood pressure are many reasons why people start this horrible habit. One cigarette leads to another which then can lead to major addiction. When someone smokes a cigarette they are not only hurting themselves, but others around them. Smoking causes people to be exposed to hazardous fumes and chemicals in many places. The habit of smokingRead MoreThe Average Cost For Lung Cancer Surgery Is Around 15,0001367 Words   |  6 Pagessmokers have to fear right? Wrong, sadly from second hand smoke many non-smokers suffer from many of the same tobacco illnesses as every day smokers. In order to stop this the amount of smoke in the air needs to be reduced, there needs to be more alternatives, and people need to be better educated on the dangers they expose themselves and others to. All around, second hand smoking is an increasing problem that needs to be addressed. Second hand smoking is a larger problem that most people overlookRead MoreTo Smoke or Not to Smoke in Public Essay1011 Words   |  5 Pagesconcerning smoking in public places. Whether you are in favor of or in opposition to it, smoking in public places is a serious concern that need be addressed. I agree that it is unjust for smokers not to be allowed to smoke where they choose, but it is even more unreasonable for non smokers to be subjected to breathing in the exhaled smoke form someone else(passive smoking). Not to mention second-hand smoke is actually worse for someone than smoking itself. Along with the dangers second-hand smoke presentsRead MoreSecond-Hand Smoke1726 Words   |  7 PagesEffects of Second-Hand Smoke Imagine yourself sitting down to dinner at a restaurant. You are sitting down trying to enjoy your dinner when all you can smell is smoke. Not only are you just breathing in the smoke, it is also damaging your body at the same time. Or imagine yourself at your work place, whether it be a restaurant or office, and you are forced to breathe in second-hand smoke the entire time you are there. In this paper you will be informed of the harmful effects of second-hand smoke,Read MoreCigarette Smoking around the World Essay1567 Words   |  7 PagesCOMBINED (â€Å"Cigarette Smoking† 2). Scary, isnt it? That even though cigarettes can cause that many deaths, people still smoke them? Cigarette smoking is a serious problem in the United States. Especially when it is done in public. Public smoking should be banned because it is a hazard to the people around. Smoking comes with many problems. Not only for the smoker, but for the nonsmokers who are exposed to the smoke. In 1993, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) classified second-hand smoke as a GroupRead MoreSmoke As An American Citizen1099 Words   |  5 Pages Smoking Parents Tyler McClellan September 9, 2015 British Literature B Life Academy If I choose to smoke as an American citizen I will if I want simply because it is my right to do so, I mean after all is that not what this country was founded upon in the first place? Freedom? Yes it is. Since this is true why would we say you can have your freedom to do as you please but place stipulations on it? Since the United States is a free country it should be anyone`s right to smokeRead More The Health Risks of Smoking Cigarettes Essay1400 Words   |  6 PagesRisks of Smoking According to Global Smoking Statistics, 80,000 and 100,000 youths start smoking everyday. Smoking is everywhere, in shops, restaurants and malls. Smoking can be controlled if the right steps are taken. If you walked around downtown Fort Collins, the odds are good that you will encounter a smoker. The negative effects of smoking outweigh the positive effects of smoking yet people still do it. There are ways to quit that can make your life better if you smoke. Smoking goes back

Leading Change Custom Research by Essay Writers Free Essays

As the modern business world becomes more complex, so too do the things that are required for organizations to emerge as viable competitors in the challenging international environment of the 21st century.   In his book â€Å"Leading Change†, John P. Kotter discusses the needs of 21st century organizations at length; through the course of his discussion, Kotter makes several assertions that correspond directly to certain areas of education. We will write a custom essay sample on Leading Change Custom Research by Essay Writers or any similar topic only for you Order Now    In this paper, two of these areas will be further discussed. The Impact of Kotter’s Book on Educational Administration Generally stated, from Kotter’s point of view, the organizations and organizational leaders that will be most successful in the 21st century will be those that embrace learning as a lifelong pursuit (Kotter, 1996), which of course should lead to better leadership, decision making and hence stronger organizations. With this premise in mind, the impact of Kotter’s theories on educational administration becomes much clearer; administrators in the modern educational system must not make the mistake of viewing education as something that the individual pursues in their earlier years as a means of starting a career, but must view education as a holistic process that is the common denominator in the life of an individual, even after starting on a career path to upgrade skills, become more proficient in present job responsibilities, and perhaps to be promoted to higher positions where they can have more of a positive organizational impact. The demand that will exist for lifelong learning will mould the role of educational administrators into a sort of career coach or adult mentor, whereby they will be consulting the long-term learner on the best educational path to take; moreover, based upon the demands for certain curricula, the administrator will undoubtedly be involved in the creation and implementation of new courses to meet growing demand. How Kotter’s Work Could Shape the Knowledge of Educators As a consequence of the directional change of educational administrators, Kotter’s work could also shape the knowledge of educators in several significant ways.   Kotter, in â€Å"Leading Change†, puts forth the philosophy that without learning, no major positive change can take place in an organization, and with this end in mind, the members of a given organization need to be encouraged to â€Å"learn how to continue learning† and â€Å"learn how to lead† (Kotter, 1996). Therefore, just as the administrator will play a mentoring role in this new learning process, the educators themselves will become the main drivers of these new learning strategies, in pursuit of the end result.   Educators will also need to renew a commitment to lifelong learning, as they return to the classroom as students in order to learn the kinds of material that they in turn will be required to teach to the lifelong learner. In addition, their educational approach to the student will surely change extensively due to the fact that they will be directing lessons toward a much different demographic than usual, with different goals and ways of retaining material that is given to them.   Lastly, the educators will need to keep in mind that the adult learner may be resistant to the educational process, at least initially. Summary John P. Kotter poses a challenge to leaders, organization members, and the educational community in â€Å"Leading Change†.   This challenge comes in the form of a call to action that, if followed, will undoubtedly advance the modern organization and change the face of business for generations to come.   With business and education working in tandem, a new revolution is on the horizon that will provide, along with challenges, endless opportunity and promise. References (Kotter, 1996) (Kotter John P 1996 Leading Change)Kotter, John P. (1996). Leading Change. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.    How to cite Leading Change Custom Research by Essay Writers, Essays

Accounting Information System Telstra - Qantas - McDonald - Starbucks An

Question: 1. Segregation of Duties and TelstraHow does the theory apply to purchasing decisions at Telstra?2. Transaction Processing and UberHow the theory can be applied to the operation of Uber?3. Revenue Cycle and QantasHow Revenue cycle can help us understand revenue generation at Qantas?4. Expenditure Cycle and McDonaldsHow Expenditure Cycle can help us understand purchasing at McDonalds?5. Payroll Cycle and StarbucksHow Payroll Cycle can help us understand operations at Starbucks?7. Conversion Cycle and ToyotaHow Conversion Cycle can help us understand operations at Toyota? Answer: 1. Segregation of duties and Telstra Telstra is knows as largest company of Australia in telecommunications sector. The company has branches more than 6 nations cross UK, US and Australia. Since the Telstra is one of the major telecommunication has branches all over the world company purchase network form the local government like in Australia it is NBN and UK it is British telecom Purchasing power parity is theory will be helpful in understanding the Telstra purchasing style. Purchasing power parity medium helps the company to understand the difference between the nations and their purchasing style . One of the major assumptions taken here would be the difference between the country and their difference prices that has made the company to where it is feasible to do business in that nations or not. Purchasing power parity is based on the law of price which suggest that, identical form of services sold by the same company in difference prices at different nations because of the two separate market compositions. PPP theory also considers taxation policy of various nations in order adjust the exchange rate. S=P1/ P2 Where S= exchange rate of currency P1= Cost of service, x, in currency 1 P2= Cost of service, x, in currency 2 2. Revenue cycle and Qantas The revenue cycle of the Qantas depicts that, company has earn more than 16 billion as per it annual report of 2014. Company has large market presence in more than 4 continents. As per the annual report, company has revenue growth worth of 12.09% per year which shows that company has bale maintain it profitability in spite of severe competition in airline industry. The revenue cycle of the company shows that company has focused specifically in there major strategies like pricing , selling and inventory allocations. Figure 1: Revenue cycle of Qantas (Source: Horngren, Harrison and Oliver, 2012, pp-764) The revenue cycle of the company is very much effective as the company has able to manage it cash position via managing the accounts receivables and accounts payables. The revenue cycle of the company shows that, Qantas is very recognizes it accounts receivables which is very much attainable via controlling operational functions (Horngren, Harrison and Oliver, 2012). Company prepares the sales day book in order to understand the credit sales and cash sales. 3. Expenditure cycle and McDonald McDonalds is one of the largest retail chain restaurants brand in all over the world. Company has able to control its expenditure very much based on its expenditure cycle theory. The expenditure cycle theory of the McDonalds shows that, company has set budget and benchmarking system for future in order to assess and control it different expenditure all through the years (Kieso, Weygandt and Warfield, 2012). In order to expand their business, company has taken long term loan for which company has pay high interest rates which is decreasing the company profitability. Since, the company expenditure cycle is very much based on the recurring set of business activities and related to data processing. One of the primary objective of the expenditure cycle is to minimize the total cost of managing the inventory such bread and other food items. Expenditure cycle of the McDonalds helps the company in decision making of optimal form of inventory management. Company orders supplies and receive the supplies stores it along with pay for goods supplies. As per the Expenditure cycle company often follows the EOQ system which also known as the economic ordering quantity. The above theory explain that, although McDonalds is using EOQ model which restricted the company cost but company fails control its loan amount which is hurting the company expenditure cycle. 4. Payroll Cycle and Starbucks The Payroll Cycle can be effective for Starbucks to have better understanding about their operation. If the pay of the employees is increasing at continuous interval then it can be understood that employees of Starbucks are able to provide quality service and higher productivity. Apart from that, payroll cycle involves three external sources such as banks, government agencies and insurance companies. The HRM department of Starbucks can provide details regarding terminations, hiring and changes in the pay rate due to rise in the pay or salary or promotions. On the other hand, other departments can provide information relating to the hours worked and it can help in understanding the performance of operation of Starbucks. Moreover, the payroll cycle can help in getting effective information about the tax information from the government so that Starbucks can make decision whether to make changes in the price of the products offered or not. Further, the payroll cycle can help in updating the payroll master file, updating tax rates and deductions, validating attendance data and time, schemes for pay, etc (Horngren, Harrison and Oliver, 2012). Therefore, it can be valuable for Starbucks to have better control over their operations and structure the payroll system for their employees. 5. Conversion Cycle and Toyota The conversion cycle will assist Toyota in knowing the amount of time the business will take in order to sell the inventory and making cash available. The conversion cycle will provide appropriate time that the company will be bearing to convert their assets or inventory into cash. On the other hand, the time will be known through acquiring cash for the product sold on credit to clients. Therefore, Toyota will have a clear picture about how faster they can generate cash or receive payments for their product and services. Thus, it will help Toyota to make decision whether in future they should sell products on credit or not. Apart from that, if conversion cycle shows larger result then it will not be a healthier cycle for Toyota and on the other side if the conversion cycle shows smaller result then the company will receive payment in quick time. Moreover, cash conversion cycle will help Toyota in measuring how efficiently and quickly they can pull out cash from operation. Further, co nversion cycle will let Toyota know when they can be able to pay to their suppliers (Kieso, Weygandt and Warfield, 2012). Thus, Toyota will better understand the gap between account receivables and account payable. References Horngren, C., Harrison, W. and Oliver, M. (2012). Accounting. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. Kieso, D., Weygandt, J. and Warfield, T. (2012). Intermediate accounting. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Charles Dickens characters Essay Example For Students

Charles Dickens characters Essay Oliver Twist is written from a 3rd person point of view. It is as though Charles Dickens is watching the events unfold before him and telling the reader how he sees them, although often with a slight bias towards Oliver. It is told by an omniscient narrator. When Oliver Twist was first written it was in weekly sagas for a magazine. This explains the cliffhangers at the end of each chapter and the way the storylines jump around and are unpredictable. And still the two old gentleman sat, perseveringly, in the dark parlour, with a watch between them. is an example of one of these cliffhangers. This writing style makes the book more exciting and unpredictable. A Safe Place is narrated as an autobiographical account of Lorenzo Carcaterras life. It is mostly his thoughts and opinions on events although occasionally he tries to show other peoples feelings about situations in his writing. He talks about delicate events without compassion as though they were an everyday occurrence, His wifes head hung to one side, her arms and legs weightless and limp, her mouth half-open, her tongue curled near the edge of her lower lip. She had been dead for less than a minute. Unlike most autobiographies, A Safe Place is not written in chronological order. Instead it is written as though Lorenzo Carcaterra is piecing together the events in his mind to work out what happened in both his and his fathers life. This erratic, unconventional writing style is often hard to follow but makes the book more interesting to read. The two novels contrasting styles help make both an interesting read although Oliver Twist does seem dated now. In Oliver Twist Charles Dickens is, as well as telling a story, giving a social commentary on Victorian times. Throughout the novel he condemns the way Victorians treated the poor, womens role in society, the amount of crime in London at the time and the unfairness of the workhouse system. What a pity he isnt a prig! the Artful Dodger says about Oliver at one point, showing Dickens thought on how criminals were criminals for life in Victorian times. There was no other option. Each one of Charles Dickens characters has something to say about the way they are treated, abused, mistaken. Oliver himself experiences all of these cruelties during his hardships and Dickens uses him to give what can only be described as a rant on the government and society of the time. A Safe Place also has a lot to say about the way the poor are treated by society as well as each other. Despite this it contrastingly talks about a unity and feeling of closeness between members of the neighbourhood. The beatings Lorenzo Carcaterra and his mother received at the hands of his father are seen as both disturbing and an integral part of family life. It is a view of volatile family life from a member of such a family. This position gives A Safe Place a very personal feel to it as Lorenzo Carcaterra tells us all his thoughts on his unpleasant childhood and then continues these themes into his adult life. The books are written from a suitable point of view for the theme although A Safe Place is probably a slightly more in-depth and realistic view of the issues it deals with. Oliver Twist is more of a commentary although Charles Dickens childhood was also filled with poverty so he was in a better position than most to write about struggling to survive. In both books the poverty of certain characters leads to large amounts of stress, which leads to murder. .u2ca342df76b50e9ec859afb4da9ca9bd , .u2ca342df76b50e9ec859afb4da9ca9bd .postImageUrl , .u2ca342df76b50e9ec859afb4da9ca9bd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2ca342df76b50e9ec859afb4da9ca9bd , .u2ca342df76b50e9ec859afb4da9ca9bd:hover , .u2ca342df76b50e9ec859afb4da9ca9bd:visited , .u2ca342df76b50e9ec859afb4da9ca9bd:active { border:0!important; } .u2ca342df76b50e9ec859afb4da9ca9bd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2ca342df76b50e9ec859afb4da9ca9bd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2ca342df76b50e9ec859afb4da9ca9bd:active , .u2ca342df76b50e9ec859afb4da9ca9bd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2ca342df76b50e9ec859afb4da9ca9bd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2ca342df76b50e9ec859afb4da9ca9bd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2ca342df76b50e9ec859afb4da9ca9bd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2ca342df76b50e9ec859afb4da9ca9bd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2ca342df76b50e9ec859afb4da9ca9bd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2ca342df76b50e9ec859afb4da9ca9bd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2ca342df76b50e9ec859afb4da9ca9bd .u2ca342df76b50e9ec859afb4da9ca9bd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2ca342df76b50e9ec859afb4da9ca9bd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Discuss how Miller presents the themes of truth and justice in 'The Crucible' EssayThis is an underlying theme in both books, saying that people only commit crimes because they are put in a position where they have to. I conclude that A Safe Place and Oliver Twist have very similar themes, those being poverty, poor upbringing, isolation and death, but are written in very different styles, based on very different stories set in different periods and different places. Despite these differences both books provide a very good view of life at the time they were written and are as much about society and history as they are about being stories.

Writing a Sample Essay For Training Funding

Writing a Sample Essay For Training FundingHave you been thinking about how to write a sample essay for training funding? Or have you already written one and now are wondering what to do with it? Here are some ideas to get you started.Use a problem statement. Make sure that you cover all of the core problems you need to address in your essay. Start with the obvious, such as, 'Help wanted.' If you don't mention that right away, include it as a point in your first paragraph. Include other details you need to address that will be pointed out later in the essay.Use a general statement. Don't list your qualifications too far down the page; use these to draw the reader's attention to your essay. Instead, make your paragraph specific about what you hope to accomplish by writing the essay. For example, instead of listing your educational background, you could use the space to state why you think the company needs your unique skills.Outline the essay. Don't start writing a specific paragraph without outlining it. Write the 'essay' portion of your essay in a chronological order. List your goals and ask yourself questions before you begin. A good outline will get your essay from a place of clarity to a place of self-expression. It's also helpful to do this in order of personal preference; for example, you might start at the beginning of your educational career, work through college and grad school, then follow that up with graduate school, and so on.List your achievements. Don't just list your education; let the writer know how your education prepared you for the career you are planning to pursue. Point out the steps you took to achieve your goals, the accomplishments you had, and how they were connected to your degree. If you feel you have unfinished business, write a summary of those accomplishments.List your expertise. Also, don't leave out the important details. The more you give away, the less they're going to be important later. The writer should have a sense of who you are. You want to be remembered as the expert, not as the expert who was just great at something.Don't rush through your essay. Let the writing breathe. Read the essay and let it absorb all of your thoughts. You can't force the writer to do anything other than agree with you. There's no right or wrong way to write an essay, but a few simple tips will go a long way.

Scarface (The Movie) essays

Scarface (The Movie) essays Stars: Al Picino, Steven Bauer, Michelle Pfeiffer, Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio, Robert Loggia Al Pacino gives an unforgettable performance as Tony Montana, one of the most ruthless gangsters ever portrayed on film. Scarface follows the violent career of a small-time Cuban gangster who guns his way to the top of Miami's cocaine empire. It follows his rise to criminal wealth and thousands of immigrants arriving in Florida in the 1980s. Pacino, whose intelligence, guts, and ambition help him rise to the top of a criminal world but his paranoia and over protective desire to protect his kid sister, played by Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio, prove to be his reasons for falling to the bottom, leading to his eventual murder. The films brutal violence and lack of positive characters still make it controversial and disliked by certain critics, especially make in the early 1980s when movies of such violence were rare. Michelle Pfeiffer plays Tonys coke-addicted trophy wife, and Steven Bauer is his concerned friend. F. Murray Abraham, Robert Loggia, and Paul Shenar are some of Tonys sl eazy business partners and potential killers. This movie shows the decade's drug of choice, and is very much a film of the 1980s in its portrayal of unstoppable ego-centrism. Genre of the Movie: Drama and Crime/Gangster Special Cinematic Techniques: I thought there were many well used cinematic techniques. A couple of the things that I noticed were how well the camera angles caught the action. There were plenty of fighting scenes in Scarface and I thought they captured them very well. The special effects were very good, especially for a movie in the early 1980s. I think that this movie was very well done from all aspects. Scarface magnificently captured the gruesome ...

Active Voice vs. Passive Voice Which is Best

Active Voice vs. Passive Voice Which is Best Active Voice vs. Passive Voice: Which is Best? You may have heard the terms â€Å"active voice† and â€Å"passive voice† before, but many people struggle with what they mean. More importantly, many are also unsure about when to use these grammatical voices in academic writing. However, since sorting out tricky grammar problems is what we do best, we’ve decided to set things straight with this (fairly) easy-to-follow explanation. Transitive Verbs We’ll start out with explaining what a transitive verb is, as these are the only verbs that can be used with the passive voice. Put simply, a transitive verb is one that takes an object. A sentence with a transitive verb typically takes the form of subject + verb + object: Subject Verb Object Keith†¦ †¦plays†¦ †¦the guitar. Here, â€Å"Keith† is the subject (i.e., the person acting), â€Å"plays† is the verb (i.e., the action being carried out) and â€Å"guitar† is the object (i.e., the thing Keith is playing). Some say he has been playing since the beginning of time. Active and Passive Sentences â€Å"Keith plays the guitar† is an active sentence, since it foregrounds the person performing the action. Most of the sentences we use in daily life are similarly constructed. The active voice is therefore useful when you want to emphasize the person (or thing) carrying out the action in a sentence. To make a passive sentence, we make the object the subject of the sentence instead, with the person performing the action identified by a prepositional phrase at the end: Subject Verb Prepositional Phrase The guitar†¦ †¦was played†¦ †¦by Keith. The passive voice even allows us to omit the subject of a sentence altogether, if required: Object Verb The guitar†¦ †¦was played. But who played this guitar? A passive sentence leaves the question unanswered. This is useful if you’re trying to create suspense by withholding information or distance yourself from your actions (such as when politicians say â€Å"Mistakes were made.†) Relations with that woman were not had. Active Voice or Passive Voice? So, which is best? The short answer is neither: Both active and passive voice sentences have a role to play in formal writing. The key is knowing when to use them. Some people discourage use of the active voice in academic writing since it sometimes involves using the first person (e.g., â€Å"I† or â€Å"we†), which can draw focus away from the subject matter. Using the passive voice can therefore give your work a more objective tone. If you were describing an experiment, for instance, you could use the active voice to say: Active Voice: I compared the results with those from a control group. However, you could also remove the â€Å"I† from this sentence by using the passive voice: Passive Voice: The results were compared to those from the control group. The second option here is usually better in an academic context. On other occasions, the active voice is better, since it’s typically clearer and more concise. It’s also worth noting that the passive voice isn’t the only way to eliminate the first person from your work. The following active, first-person sentence, for example: Active Voice: I conclude that the findings contradict the initial hypothesis. Could be changed to the passive voice to remove reference to the subject: Passive Voice: The initial hypothesis is contradicted by the findings. But you could achieve the same results by simply using â€Å"the findings† as the subject of an active sentence: Active Voice: The findings contradict the initial hypotheses. This preserves the objectivity of a passive sentence, but avoids the complicated sentence constructions that may result from using the passive voice too often.

The Role of Black Holes in the centers of Galaxies Essay

The Role of Black Holes in the centers of Galaxies - Essay Example In the Milky Way, the supermassive black hole is known as Sagitarrius A*, which is read as â€Å"A-star† (Naeye & Gutro, 2008). Sagitarrius A* is known to be â€Å"27,000 light years from the Earth [and] is four million times bigger than the Sun† (Ghosh, 2012). However, NASA reports Sagitarrius A* to be 26,000 light years away from the Earth, and not 27,000 (â€Å"A Mystery,† 2002). In fact, the existence of black holes has long been theorized by British astronomer Sir Martin Rees in 1974 and, according to him, â€Å"Supermassive black holes [or] ones with a million or even a billion solar masses might exist within the centers of some galaxies† (â€Å"A Mystery,† 2002). According to Durham University astrophysicist Ian Small, â€Å"The black holes [that we studied] are seen precisely at the point where they can have the most influence on the properties of the galaxies they reside in† (qtd. In Lovgren, 2005). This means that if the supermassiv e black holes are located at other points in the galaxy except the center, then it cannot exert equal influence on all parts of the galaxy. In short, for it to exert an almost equal gravitational force on every part of the galaxy, then it has to be at its center. The same principle works if the supermassive black hole is to release energy towards every part of the galaxy it is in, but this release of energy is merely hypothetical. According to Professor Richard Genzel of the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, â€Å"The center of the galaxy was a â€Å"unique laboratory for the study of the strong gravity, stellar dynamics and star formation with a level of detail ‘never possible beyond our galaxy’† (qtd. in â€Å"Black hole,† 2008). This means that there must be one good reason for the supermassive black hole to eventually reside in the galactic center other than position. Genzel’s hypothesis is therefore the possibility that the ph ysics of the center of the galaxy is unusually different from the rest of its parts. Perhaps then there is a much stronger gravitational attraction as well as different principles of stellar dynamics and star formation towards the galactic center. Furthermore, according to Cain, the center of the galaxy, where the supermassive black holes reside, serves as the place where â€Å"every galaxy serves to focus and concentrate material as the galaxy was first forming† and it is also possible that this is the same exact point â€Å"where the black hole formed first, and collected the rest of the galaxy around it† (Cain, 2008). The aforementioned statement means that the possible origin of the galaxy may in fact be the exact point where the supermassive black hole is located and perhaps the galaxy still continues to grow from that central point. The implication of this theory is that, if it is true, then much constructive material is located in the black hole and that the gal axy is in fact never growing old and its parts constantly being replaced by these materials from the black hole. Another observation of Lovgren (2005) is that, according to scientists, â€Å"pairs of galaxies – and their black holes often merge together [thus producing] tidal forces [that] drive a lot of gas toward the center of the

The Meaning of Learning to Write Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

The Meaning of Learning to Write - Essay Example Gradually I have become accustomed to noting down stories or encounters I suppose are worth my precious whiles and record, taking plenty of concrete and accurate details into account. In the process, I have felt a significant degree of improvement as I proceed writing with the spontaneous fluidity of thoughts. Since I typically make it a point to use a thesaurus and acquire constant engagement in reading literature, I keep discovering ways to write in a more creative manner. With an increased level of creativity and enriched vocabulary, I observe being capable of effective self-expression when conveying sentiments and ideas through writing. Such joy and fascination lead me to establish writing as a hobby or a form of diversion by which to escape into a world of wonders and possibilities yet unknown. To an extent, it has even brought me to find delight in composing essays and poems I savor reading as well. Currently, however, due to rapid growth in the field of information technology where further developments have continuously led to the expansion of social networking, I am at this stage of literacy confronted with a new set of challenges in writing. I see that the more I make electronic connections, the more that I gain access to various resources of learning. The diversity of the information obtained enables me to realize both my strong and weak areas in writing. Through the social networking site, for instance, I can often take the opportunity to view literary works by several different authors from whom to determine a certain standard or basis with which to evaluate my compositions and figure how else I may improve on my writing skills at the thought of present demands, trends, and whether former conventions can be made to suit our modern level of thinking and attitude. More exposure to the worldwide web means more insights from people all over the world who can surf the internet and share ideas that reflect the substance of their cultures. This way, I beli eve that there would be other perspectives available by which to equip me with rich knowledge pertaining to the language and literature of other societies or ethnic groups. I recall a friend whose writing style is nearly based on the general manner of her oral speech and there occurs much to be understood about her background just by looking at the narrative structure of her work via the peculiar use of terms and construction of sentences. It may be inferred herein that socio-cultural influences affect a person’s writing approach because then external factors bear an impact on the mind of a writer. In my case, I have had a number of attempts in experiencing techniques by other people and it appears, unless I feel or comprehend their situation, not a single strategy would work considering how our frames of references differ from each other.

Mechanised Infantry Past Present And Future History Essay

Mechanised Infantry Past Present And Future History Essay An armoured personnel carrier or an APC is a vehicle designed to carry men along with their weapons and equipment into the battlefield. It provides them limited protection against small arms and possesses some degree of fire support in the form of medium calibre weapons. Some of them are also referred to as Battle Taxis. In addition to these lightly protected versions there are also the heavily armed types commonly called the Infantry Fighting Vehicles. Armoured tanks, though lethal and well protected, are extremely vulnerable on the battlefield if operating independently. These threats range from the missiles launched from aerial platforms to the single infantryman carrying a hand held anti tank weapon. Therefore, a need was felt to group infantry along with the armoured tanks to provide them with protection against local threats while also allowing them to advance through areas cleared by this infantry element. To obviate the mobility differential between the two, this infantry was provided with vehicles to match the speed and reach of the tanks. This may be called the genesis of the APC or the Mechanised Infantry as it is now commonly referred to. The Mechanised Infantry has proved itself time again in various theatre of operations since its inception. Their importance has only been confirmed by their regular employment in a host of conflicts. Be it the Arab- Israel wars, the conflicts in Africa, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and the present day insurgencys in Iraq and Afghanistan, these vehicles have proved their mettle time and again. Despite their potential, in the context of the Indian army there is a reluctance to take this arm seriously. Though this may not be true in the upper echelons of the organisation, within the middle rung there is a lack of comprehension and confidence in the capability of the mechanised infantry to carry out their task. Having personally witnessed the effect a platoon of ICVs can have on a belligerent force in Congo it can be confidently averred that an ICV/APC is the best platform to be employed in such tasks without the threat of an escalation in the conflict spectrum. This article will t race out the history of the mechanised infantry, discuss it role and employment in the present context and the likely future trends. It will also discuss the relevance of this arm in context of the Indian army and the methods to increase its employability. Role of the Mechanised Infantry The role of the Mechanised Infantry has more or less remained the same since its origin. The Wehrmacht during the Second World War carried out an analysis of its Panzer force and identified certain weaknesses. To overcome the shortcomings the following regulation was framed for the collaboration of the tanks and Panzer grenadiers. the tank fights the enemy tank and destroys other weapons. The Panzer grenadier looks for hidden anti-tank guns and fires on them. He prevents close quarter attack on the tanks. Covered by the tanks, he clears the enemys position. Mutual assistance is essential. In good country, the armour moves by bounds from cover to cover, giving fire protection to the panzer grenadiers following. In wooded areas, the Panzer grenadiers precede the tanks. and destroy the enemy with the weapons they carry on their vehicles.  [1]   The same field service regulations further explained the role of the panzer grenadiers: Every other arm is dedicated to helping the tank advance Tanks cannot completely clear the enemy from captured ground, and scattered groups of the enemy may combine to continue the fight. The Panzer grenadiers regiments follow the tanks in elongated echelon, and, collaborating with the second armoured wave, annihilate enemy remnants as well as carrying out the tasks of guarding and securing the rear and flanks of the armoured units. Panzer grenadiers hold the areas captured by tanks. Where a tank is obstructed by difficult terrain or by artificial barriers, the Panzer grenadiers advance first. The conditions for this are: (a) attacking across rivers; (b) in heavily wooded areas, swamp or badly cut-up terrain; (c) minefields, anti-tank ditches and other tank obstacles: (d) when breaking through enemy anti-tank fronts. The tanks will give supporting fire to the Panzer grenadier advance. Once past the obstacles, the tanks resume the leadership of the advance .  [2]   The role, task and method of employment of the mechanised infantry have more or less remained the same since then with only refinements in the drills and tactics. However the equipment has evolved with time and what once a primitive machine with limited firepower and protection is today a weapon with tremendous destructive and capability and adequate protection to allow the infantry to operate with relative comfort and safety. History of Mechanised Infantry The history of the tank and the APC/ICV are entwined. They can be traced to the First World War with the development of the ____________. Though this is referred to as the first modern tank, history is replete with examples where commanders have utilised the concept of heavily armed soldiers on chariots and elephants provided with adequate protection taking on the enemy. Ziska, a great warrior of his days, employed the Wagon-Lagers during the Bohemian Wars of 1410-20 against the Catholic Crusaders. These wagon mounted cannons were extremely effective against the German armies. The Scots, in 1456, invented a wooden cart that encased its crew and protected them. Horses, enclosed in wood for protection, were used to propel these carts. However, it was only after the Battle of Somme in 1916 that the potential of the tank was realised and they began to be regarded as the deciding factors in combat engagements throughout the world. The introduction of the tank at the later stages of World War I did not bring about any change in the war fighting methods being employed. They were simply regarded as a means to end the indecisiveness of Trench Warfare. Large scale casualties with no tangible territorial gains led to the development of this weapon system, designed to cross the miles of barbed wire and torn up earth between the two opposing forces. Success in such form of warfare was also only achievable if the foot soldier could move over the inhospitable terrain with speed and protection and exploit the breakthroughs achieved. The tank was found to be the most suitable means of gaining the desired breakthrough. However, this too had it its inherent shortcomings, with the primary one being that of sustaining the success. Even though the tank was capable of gaining the initial foothold, it was by itself vulnerable to individual/ group of soldiers who could close in with it and destroy it. The British were the first t o realise it and developed the first armoured personnel carrier the Mark IX, essentially a redesigned and lengthened version of the Mark V Male tank. The initial idea was to provide some protection to the infantryman from the machine gun fire so as to allow them to cross the battle field and thereafter serve as the eyes and ears for the tanks as well as providing it with protection. Development of Mechanised Infantry The inter war years were a period of stagnation in the field of armoured warfare for the US and most of the European countries. They persisted with the employment of tanks as supporting arm for the infantry in a piecemeal manner. The Germans, under the guidance of Guderian, developed their own employment philosophy, that of Blitzkrieg. Accordingly they built the SdKfz25, a half track, to be used to carry the infantry behind the rapidly moving tanks. These combined task forces gave the Germans their famous victorys and changed the face of armoured warfare. They were referred to as the Panzer grenadiers, a forerunner of the present day Mechanised Infantry Concurrently, the US developed their M2 and M3 half tracks while the British made the Bren Carriers. Often, APCs were armoured cars with the capacity for carrying troops, but they subsequently evolved into purpose-built vehicles to suit the demands of motorised warfare of the Second World War. Thereafter, subsequent development of the Mechanised Infantry was done on the basis of the employment philosophy being followed by the respective countries. The US and the USSR went about developing their own versions of the APCs which differed in both design and use. USSR/Warsaw Pact Countries The USSR continued development on ICVs after the end of the world war and developed the vehicles as per their doctrine. Based on the experience of the World War, they identified the need for greater protection and firepower to the APC than the US and introduced the Infantry Fighting Vehicle The aim was to achieve a breakthrough to allow the infantry to get through with speed and exploit the available opportunity. The increased lethality of the anti tank missiles demanded greater protection to the infantry soldier sitting inside the vehicle. The soldier sitting inside was provided the ability to bring to bear his personal weapon while under fire. Accordingly, the BMP-1 was designed which catered for all the above requirements. It had a 73 mm gun, the Malutka anti tank missile and machine guns. There was also the provision of port hole in the stick compartment that allowed for use of the personal weapons while sitting inside the vehicle. The BMP intended to pin down the enemy soldiers while on attack and to provide fire support with the heavier weapons while the infantry was dismounted. The Israel-Arab conflict of 1967 and 1973 exposed some vulnerability in the vehicle which saw the development of the BMP-II. The 30 mm cannon replaced the 73 mm gun while the missile was upgraded to the second generation AT-4/5s. The commander was given additional protection and the strength of the section was reduced from 11 to 10. Thereafter, the Russian built the BMP-III which was less of an ICV and more of a light tank with a 100 mm gun, an additional 30 mm cannon and a gun barrel launched missile system. It enjoys better armour protection and is still light enough to be transported by air. NATO/US APCs The US developed their version of the vehicle on a different doctrine. Their concept involved the vehicle to provide mobility to its infantry while simultaneously protecting it. Emphasis is not on firepower as the same would be catered by the tanks moving ahead. Accordingly they built the Armoured Personnel Carrier or the APC. This operated on the concept of Battle Taxis. The vehicle was meant to carry the infantry into battle and thereafter was left out of battle. The most popular of these was the M113 box on tracks. They were introduced in service in 1960 and since then almost 80,000 of these have been built. They were used effectively for the first time in the Vietnam conflict. There were a number of variants build alongside the primary version. These were used as Command Posts, mortar carriers and ambulance APCs. Because of their versatility, these have been used very effectively used by commanders for tasks they were not designed for. For instance, M-113s were used to lead the a ttack on the Vietcong in the absence of tanks. This family was extremely popular among the US allies and a large number were inducted in almost 50 other nations. With the introduction of the BMP-1 in the Soviet army the US had to rethink their approach. The large number of A vehicles (tanks and ICVs) available with Russia forced the US army to concentrate on increasing their anti tank capability. They introduced the TOW missile into their force. However the TOW didnt possess any protection leaving the firer vulnerable to return fire while he tracked the missile to the target. The US built the M2 Bradley as a counter to the Russian BMP-I. They revised their existing philosophy and built a vehicle with heavy armament and armour protection. It was given a TOW missile launcher with the operator under armour. It had an additional 25mm Bushmaster cannon and portholes for the infantry to fire from. It was fairly heavy by the standards of an APC and was supposed to fight behind the infantry and not operate as a Battle Taxi. The Army believed that the Bradley, initially known as the MICV, was essential so the Army could adopt an armour doctrine that was similar to German doctrine and appropriate to a mechanised battlefield characterized by highly lethal modern weapons and numerical superiority of the enemy. They have proved their value in numerous theatres be it Kuwait, Iraq and Afghanistan. But these have been service since 1964 and the US army has been looking for an alternative. This led to the introduction of the Stryker family of vehicles. This is an eight wheel drive combat vehicle and the focus of the US armys Transformation. It provides enhanced protection to the soldiers from RPG and IED attacks. It has operated extensively in Operation Iraqi Freedom to the tune of six million miles. It is planned to enhance the armour protection by adding reactive armour modules. The US army plans to induct 2691 vehicles for the seven Stryker Brigade Combat Teams that it is r aising. Despite the performance of the Stryker, it does a have its share of detractors who warrant against the replacement of the M-113s and M2 Bradleys. The major disadvantage with the Stryker is the weight of the vehicle which reduces its strategic/tactical mobility. As a comparison, the C-17 can carry four combat ready M-113s against two Stryker vehicles. There are other inherent disadvantages with the Stryker family, however the US is keen to continue using them and there have been mixed reviews regarding their performance from the soldiers on ground. Other Nations The development of APC/ICVs has not remained with only the US and the Russians. Other nations have also built/ developed models base on their requirements and doctrines. The French army is using the Và ©hicule de lAvant Blindà © or VAB (Armoured Vanguard Vehicle in French). This is an extremely popular wheeled APC in service since 1974. Its popularity can be gauged by the fact that the US is using the same for their own police departments. One more vehicle that merits attention is the Israeli Achzarit which is based on the Soviet T-55 tank. The IDF modified the tanks they had captured from the Arab armies by removing the turret and modifying the chassis for troop carriage by adding a rear door. The engine was replaced and reactive armour installed. This design of APC was contrary to the existing philosophy of light vehicles. The IDF considered troop protection to be the primary factor and hence the heavy protection at the cost of weight. Availability of strategic mobility not being an imperative IDF could afford to build these heavy APCs. Mechanised Infantry for Indian Army The Indian army acquired its first Mechanised unit in 19__. Since then it has raised the Mechanised Infantry Regiment and converted the Brigade of the Guards to a mechanised profile. These units are primarily meant to operate in the Western Theatre, both in the desert and the plains sectors. They are trained to operate as per the new Indian Cold Start Doctrine which envisages the armour and mechanised infantry forming Integrated Battle Groups to launch into an adversary. However there is a school of thought within the army that questions the utility of the ICV. With better mobility available with the infantry, their being able to keep pace with the tanks is no longer an issue. In addition, the BMP-II does not have enjoy adequate protection against the adversarys anti- tank capability. Therefore, it may be argued that the infantry may be able to perform the tasks meant for the mechanised infantry. In any case, grouping an infantry battalion with the armour to carry out Encounter Cross ing on the water obstacle to overcome the shortfall of mechanised infantry is an option occasionally practised. If that be so, can the infantry replace the Mechanised Infantry outright? This line of though needs to be negated at the earliest. The more logical question that needs to be asked is that can the mechanised infantry do tasks traditionally associated with the armoured tanks. Before addressing that question let us first reemphasise the importance/relevance of the mechanised infantry. The mechanised infantry is traditionally expected to follow in the wake of the leading armoured column and thereafter clear/ mop up the remnants. This envisages the mechanised infantry moving close behind in relative safety. The ICVs though vulnerable to anti tank missiles provide adequate protection against aimed small arms weapons and artillery splinters in comparison to motorised infantry. Therefore it is unlikely that motorised infantry could replace the mechanised infantry. The employment of infantry for tasks such as Encounter Crossings on obstacles is due to the non availability of mechanised infantry and hence logically, there is a need to raise more units of the same. Both in plain and the desert sector, it is envisaged that certain built-up areas will have to be cleared to open the axis. This will entail the initial isolation/investment being done by the mechanised columns and thereafter the infantry soldier supported by tanks carrying out the physical clearance of the town/village. This tactics though possible in theory is unlikely to succeed in practise. This was best illustrated in Operation Iraqi Freedom where in the battle for the town of Fallujah the initial operations were carried out by the M1 Abrams and the Bradleys both, with the infantry man only being employed in the last phase. Based on this experience of fighting in built up area, it may be confidently averred that own mechanised infantry will have to be committed for the clearance of these areas which as of now do not factor in the troops to task. The mechanised infantry is relieved by the follow up infantry to allow them to reach the projection area at the earliest. Clearing of a built up area in the adversarys terrain is unlikely to involve fighting only regular enemy troops. The local population is likely to put up a resistance as well, similar to what is being seen in both Afghanistan and Iraq. If that be the case the ICV will assume greater importance and may have to be employed for a longer period to overcome the resistance. This merits a greater availability of mechanised infantry to allow for the dual task of fighting the Projection area battle while simultaneously clearing the inter objectives to open the axis at the earliest. Similarly, Corridor Protection will be of extreme importance and ICVs may have to be employed in larger numbers. All these only reinforce the requirement of a larger strength of mechanised infantry. India desires to be recognised as powerful global player both economically and militarily. The same has been reflected in the Army Doctrine which states Indias desire to be able to conduct Out of Area Contingencies. This capability requires the force to possess adequate strategic mobility. There is a need to have the air/sea assets to move this force in the envisaged time frame and adequately strong force to be put on ground capable of achieving its aim till such time the remainder force is built up. The sheer weight of the tank precludes it being available to such a force in the desired numbers. Therefore the next best alternative is the ICV which though much less destructive is still better than the unprotected infantry. Even the US faced this problem while deploying in Iraq despite having the best air assets in the world. Against an initial plan of a heavy infantry division of 15,000 soldiers and 1,500 armoured vehicles, they could only achieve 2000 airborne soldiers supported by less than two dozen Bradleys and M1 Abrams. This was primarily due to the absence of rapidly deployable light armoured vehicles.  [3]   India is not a rich country, it has to weigh its options, prioritise and then select the best compromise. It would be futile to expect a large increase in the number of mechanise infantry battalions. Similarly, keeping the constraints of finances, equipment management and training in mind, it would be difficult to have different vehicle for different roles. The best option would be to have a single family of vehicle capable of conducting multiple tasks. This leads us to the next question, is it time to replace the BMP-II with something better (if not better, then more suitable). I would like to suggest that it is time to phase out the BMP-II and replace it with the more superior BMP-3. The BMP-3 can be, at a stretch, grouped under the nomenclature of a light tank. With its 100mm cannon, barrel launched missile and an additional 30 mm cannon, it packs considerably more fire power than a BMP-II and only a little less than a tank. It has better armour and NBC protection than the BMP-II while being only marginally heavier (18.7 Tons against 14.4 Tons). It can easily be transported by air and on landing is adequately strong to perform in the absence of tank support. It is able to carry seven infantry soldiers, similar to the BMP-II. It is the most suitable vehicle for any Rapid Action Force that India plans to raise for conducting Out of Area operations. The Israel-Lebanon conflict of 2006 reinforced the vulnerability of armoured tanks in Low Intensity conflicts noticed in Iraq and Afghanistan. The high profile Merkava was targeted repeatedly by the Hamas insurgents along its vulnerabilities leading to material damage and loss in morale. In these circumstances, it is imperative that tanks operate in conjunction with infantry. The inherent disadvantage of a tank operating in a built up area is its lack of visibility and arc of fire, both vertically and horizontally. The BMP-3 can traverse vertically from -6 to 60 degrees which is a major requirement for clearing of h igh buildings. The presence of seven infantry soldiers moving in close proximity provide the requisite close protection, while the 100mm gun and 30 mm cannon are sufficient to destroy any target. It may be argued that the BMP-3 may preclude the requirement of a tank to be grouped along, thus freeing them for more important tasks. The BMP-3 has recently been tested in UAE against the US Bradleys and British Warriors. Their performance has been appreciated and the Arabs are looking to induct them though they have traditionally relied on the US and British for military equipments. The BMP-3 may be considered for induction in the Indian army to bridge the gap between the ICV and the heavy tanks thus filling a long felt absence of an interim vehicle. The next important aspect to be considered is the required increase in the number of mechanised infantry units. India has a large land boundary with different terrain features. Economics and world pressure do not allow it to increase the strength of its standing army. The next likely option is to convert more infantry units to a mechanised profile. This against has its disadvantages, as there would be lesser number of units available for standard infantry tasks along the Line of Control, the International Boundary and the Line of Actual Control. There would be greater pressure of the units and the present turn over period of 2-3 years would further reduce. There is, however, one more option worth considering. This option envisages ICVs to be considered as part of sector stores in the Western theatre. The infantry battalions would be dual trained i.e. holding ICVs when deployed in Plains/deserts while reverting to infantry in mountains leaving their mechanised equipment behind for the unit relieving them. Training a fully operational mechanised battalion takes time; therefore this is an option that will only work in a long run. There are likely to be equipment management issues as well for such an option. Feasibility of this can only be gauged after detailed analysis and study. In the meantime the mechanised infantry has to continue to function in its present form. Conclusion The importance of mechanised infantry cant be stressed upon more. It is an integral part of the mechanised forces and has its tasks delineated. For all the fire power and protection available to the tank, it still needs the infantry sitting inside the ICV to operate. The tanks have relied heavily on the mechanised infantry since Second World War for their survival. This reliance is stated in a memorandum by the German Oberkommando des Heers( OkH): There can be no doubt that, without the closest cooperation of the panzer grenadier and the tank, the latter is of limited value It is even said by some that commanders would prefer to lose tanks rather than their infantry..  [4]  Regardless of how the panzer grenadier arrived in the battle, these mechanised infantrymen were indispensable to the German concepts of combined arms and manoeuvre warfare as the Wehrmacht practiced them during the Second World War.  [5]  The tenets of mechanised warfare have not changed in the intervenin g years. Therefore what was true of mechanised infantry then remains so today. Instead of questioning the relevance of mechanised infantry, there is a need to increase its numbers and provide it with a better platform to allow it to perform its task better.