The Life of Gertrude Bell, English Explorer in Iraq

Gertrude Bell (July 14, 1868 – July 12, 1926) was a British writer, politician, and archaeologist whose knowledge and travels in the Middle East made her a valuable and influential person in British administration of the region. Unlike many of her countrymen, she was regarded with considerable respect by the locals in Iraq, Jordan, and other countries. Fast Facts: Gertrude Bell Full Name: Gertrude Margaret Lowthian BellKnown For: Archaeologist and historian who gained significant knowledge of the Middle East and helped shape the region post-World War I. She was particularly influential in the creation of the state of Iraq.Born: July 14, 1868 in Washington New Hall,  County Durham, EnglandDied: July 12, 1926 in Baghdad, IraqParents: Sir Hugh Bell and Mary BellHonors: Order of the British Empire; namesake of the mountain Gertrudspitze and the wild bee genus  Belliturgula Early Life Gertrude Bell was born in Washington, England, in the northeastern county of Durham. Her father was Sir Hugh Bell, a baronet who was a sheriff and a justice of the peace before joining the family manufacturing firm, Bell Brothers, and gaining a reputation for being a progressive and caring boss. Her mother, Mary Shield Bell, died giving birth to a son, Maurice, when Bell was only three years old. Sir Hugh remarried four years later to Florence Olliffe. Bell’s family was wealthy and influential; her grandfather was ironmaster and politician Sir Isaac Lowthian Bell. A playwright and children’s author, her stepmother was a major influence on Bells early life. She taught Bell etiquette and decorum, but also encouraged her intellectual curiosity and social responsibility. Bell was well-educated, first attending Queen’s College, then Lady Margaret Hall at Oxford University. Despite the limitations placed on female students, Bell graduated with first-class honors in just two years, becoming one of the first two Oxford women to achieve those honors with a modern history degree (the other was her classmate Alice Greenwood). World Travels After completing her degree, in 1892, Bell began her travels, first heading to Persia to visit her uncle, Sir Frank Lascelles, who was a minister at the embassy there. Only two years later, she published her first book, Persian Pictures, describing these travels. For Bell, this was only the beginning of over a decade of extensive travel. Bell quickly became a bonafide adventurer, going mountaineering in Switzerland and developing fluency in several languages, including French, German, Persian, and Arabic (plus proficiency in Italian and Turkish). She developed a passion for archaeology and continued her interest in modern history and peoples. In 1899, she returned to the Middle East, visiting Palestine and Syria and stopping in the historic cities of Jerusalem and Damascus. In the course of her travels, she began to become acquainted with the people living in the region. In addition to simply traveling, Bell continued some of her more daring expeditions. She climbed Mont Blanc, the highest peak in the Alps, and even had one peak, the Gertrudspitze, named after her in 1901. She also spent considerable time in the Arabian Peninsula over the course of more than a decade. King of Saudi Arabia, Ibn Saud, meets with British diplomat Sir Percy Cox and political advisor Gertrude Bell in Basra, Mesopotamia. The LIFE Picture Collection / Getty Images Bell never married or had any children, and only had a few known romantic attachments. After meeting the administrator Sir Frank Swettenham on a visit to Singapore, she kept up a correspondence with him, despite their 18-year age gap. They had a brief affair in 1904 after his return to England. More significantly, she exchanged passionate love letters from 1913 until 1915 with Lieutenant Colonel Charles Doughty-Wylie, an army officer who was already married. Their affair remained unconsummated, and after his death in action in 1915, she had no other known romances. Archaeologist in the Middle East In 1907, Bell began working with archaeologist and scholar Sir William M. Ramsay. They worked on excavations in modern-day Turkey, as well as the discovery of a field of ancient ruins in the north of Syria. Two years later, she shifted her focus to Mesopotamia, visiting and studying the ruins of ancient cities. In 1913, she became only the second foreign woman to journey to Ha’li, a notoriously unstable and dangerous city in Saudi Arabia. When World War I broke out, Bell tried to obtain a posting in the Middle East but was denied; instead, she volunteered with the Red Cross. However, British intelligence was soon in need of her expertise in the region to get soldiers through the desert. During her expeditions, she forged close relationships with locals and tribe leaders. Starting from there, Bell gained remarkable influence in shaping British policy in the area. Bell became the sole female political officer in the British forces and was sent to areas where her expertise was needed. During this time, she also witnessed the horrors of the Armenian genocide and wrote about it in her reports of the time. The delegates of the Mespot Commission at the Cairo Conference. The group was set up by Colonial Secretary Winston Churchill to discuss the future of Arab nations. Gertrude Bell on the left, second row. Corbis Historical / Getty Images Political Career After British forces captured Baghdad in 1917, Bell was given the title of Oriental Secretary and ordered to assist in the restructuring of the area that had previously been the Ottoman Empire. In particular, her focus was the new creation of Iraq. In her report, â€Å"Self Determination in Mesopotamia,† she laid out her ideas about how the new leadership should work, based on her experience in the region and with its people. Unfortunately, the British commissioner, Arnold Wilson, believed that the Arab government needed to be overseen by British officials who would hold the final power, and many of Bell’s recommendations were not implemented. Bell continued on as Oriental Secretary, which in practice meant liaising between the various different factions and interests. At the Cairo Conference of 1921, she was critical in discussions on Iraqi leadership. She advocated for Faisal bin Hussein to be named the first King of Iraq, and when he was installed in the post, she advised him on a wide variety of political matters and supervised the selection of his cabinet and other positions. She gained the moniker al-Khatun among the Arab population, signifying a â€Å"Lady of the Court† who observes to serve the state. Bell also participated in the drawing of borders in the Middle East; her reports from that time proved to be prescient, as she remarked on the likelihood that none of the possible borders and divisions would satisfy all factions and keep long-term peace. Her close relationship with King Faisal also resulted in the founding of the Iraqi Archaeological Museum and an Iraq base of the British School of Archaeology. Bell personally brought artifacts from her own collection and supervised excavations as well. Over the next few years, she remained a key part of the new Iraqi administration. Death and Legacy Bell’s workload, combined with the desert heat and a slew of illnesses, took its toll on her health. She suffered from recurrent bronchitis and began losing weight rapidly. In 1925, she returned to England only to face a new set of problems. Her family’s wealth, made mostly in industry, was in rapid decline, thanks to the combined effects of industrial worker strikes and economic depression across Europe. She became ill with pleurisy and, almost immediately after, her brother Hugh died of typhoid fever. On the morning of July 12, 1926, her maid discovered her dead, apparently of an overdose of sleeping pills. It was unclear if the overdose was accidental or not. She was buried at the British cemetery in the Bab al-Sharji district in Baghdad. In the tributes following her death, she was praised for both her achievements and her personality by her British colleagues, and she was posthumously awarded the Order of the British Empire. Among the Arabic communities she worked with, it was noted that â€Å"she was one of the few representatives of His Majestys Government remembered by the Arabs with anything resembling affection.† Sources Adams, Amanda. Ladies of the Field: Early Women Archaeologists and Their Search for Adventure. Greystone Books Ltd, 2010.Howell, Georgina. Gertrude Bell: Queen of the Desert, Shaper of Nations. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2006.Meyer, Karl E.; Brysac, Shareen B. Kingmakers: The Invention of the Modern Middle East. New York: W.W. Norton Co., 2008.

A Passage To India by E.M. Forster - 1224 Words

In A Passage To India, E.M. Forster uses the technological infrastructure motif to support his theme that people from vastly different backgrounds have difficulty forming true friendships. He contrasts the stately, structured English architecture with the chaotic, organically-inspired Indian architecture and the high-tech, powerful English automobiles with the more primitive transportation alternatives that the Indians possessed. Forster then uses this technological gulf as a metaphor for the significant social stratification between and different cultural mores of the English and the Indians in colonial Indian society. When Mrs. Moore and Dr. Aziz begin to become close, Dr. Aziz’s self-consciousness about his meager abode ultimately leads to a conflict that severs their friendship. Forster also uses the pretentious English clubhouse as a polarizing backdrop when the English glitterati squash Miss Quested’s initial attempts to befriend Indians. Then, when Miss Quest ed and Dr. Aziz visit the Marabar caves, they arrive using primitive transportation (i.e., elephants and horses). After Miss Quested panics and falls down the hill, Mrs. Derek serendipitously arrives to sweep her away in a fancy automobile, leading to the ultimate rupture of any friendship between Miss Quested and Dr. Aziz. Through Forster’s use of this technological infrastructure motif, he vividly demonstrates the separation in power and social class between the ethnic groups in colonial India which,Show MoreRelatedA Passage to India by Forster650 Words   |  3 Pagesnovel, A Passage to India, Forster expresses this male dominance by writing, â€Å"He took no notice of them, and with this, which would have passed without comment in feminist England, did harm in a community where the male is expected to be lively and helpful† (Forster 52). They say that to be female is to be passive, agreeable, timid, emotional, and conventional. The feminist theorists’ a rgument of a male centered society is definitely present in the novel A Passage to India. E.M. Forster revealsRead MoreE.M Forster’s novel A Passage to India1026 Words   |  5 PagesLeonard Woolf considers E.M Forster’s novel A Passage to India to be a representation of ‘’the real life of politics in India, the intricacy of personal relations, the story itself, the muddle and the mystery of life’’ (Jay, 1998). Fosters novel has been the subject of literary criticism from many angles given the highly controversial subject matter which is called into question as to whether it is a genuine representation of India under colonisation written from an objective experience, and whetherRead MoreThe Negative Representation of the East in E.M. Forster’s A Passage to India836 Words   |  3 PagesIn this paper I would like to argue that E.M. Forster’s A Passage to India has represented the East in a negative way. This is a traditional n ovel for exploring themes of racism and the effects of colonialism. It deals with the tensions between India and the Britain during the British Raj in India. The theme which determines the plot-line of this novel is introduced in the beginning through the conversation of Hamidullah, Mahmoud Ali and Aziz as† They were discussing as to whether or no it is possibleRead MoreE M Forster and the British Raj in a Passage to India Essay1327 Words   |  6 PagesAmong these writers E.M. Forster made a mark in the literature of his age through his last novel A Passage to India (1924), which was entirely different from Forsters other novels in that it dealt with the political occupation of India by the British, a colonial domination that ended soon after the publication of this novel. Forster, a liberal and humanist in outlook, emphasised the importance of love and understanding at the personal level in this novel. 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Introduction Cultural Background of India and England Entering the Caves Detrimental Effects Courthouse Letters with Aziz Assumptions Conclusion Ameera Salman Mrs.King AP English 11 December 2, 2014 The novel, A Passage to India, starts off by statingRead More The Important Role of the Marabar Caves in A Passage to India2630 Words   |  11 PagesThe Important Role of the Marabar Caves in A Passage to India      Ã‚  Ã‚   During the fourteen years that followed the publication of Howards End, Edward Morgan Forster underwent a harsh mood change that culminated in the publication of A Passage to India, Forsters bitterest book (Shusterman 159).   Forster was not alone in his transition to a harsher tone in his fiction.   A Passage to India was written in the era that followed the First World War.   George Thomson writesRead MoreSummary Of A Passage Of India By Quot. Forster1475 Words   |  6 PagesA Passage to India, written by E.M. Forster, is a story of human relations between the British colonists and the people of India. Dr. Aziz, a native Indian and main character in the novel, is extremely frustrated of the way others think about these two cultures together. Some may say it s the position of superiority the British hold that the Indians perceive as degrading. Throughout the novel there is a clear tension between the natives and the colonists that relate to both fictional and historicalRead MoreAnalysis Of Forster s The White Man s Burden 852 Words   |  4 Pages 2. E. M. Forster’s A Passage to India: colonization: emancipation and the bridge of cultural interaction ‘Since freedom is our natural state, we are not only in possession of it but have the urge to defend it’ Étienne De La Boà ©tie Take up the White Man s burden– Read More An Inward Collapse of the Human Perspective in Forsters A Passage to India3965 Words   |  16 PagesCollapse of the Human Perspective in Forsters A Passage to India      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The reverberation of sound in the form of an echo is threaded throughout E.M. Forsters A Passage to India, and the link between the echo and the hollowness of the human spirit is depicted in the text. The echo is not heard in the beginning of the text when the English newcomers, Mrs. Moore and Ms. Quested, arrive in India; it is more clearly heard as their relationship with India gains complexity. The influence of the colonizers

The Effects of Poverty on Children and the Elderly

The Effects of Poverty on Children Liberty University Human Services 500-C06 Dr. Sheila Speight Kathy V. Jones April 6, 2012 Abstract Why should it matter that our country has not been able to ensure that every child has a safe and nurturing childhood? The percentage of children living in poverty in the United States has risen significantly in the last few years. The negative long term effects of poverty can extend from birth into adulthood. Research will show that these children and their families are at risk in many ways and that they will face challenges that will ultimately affect how they will function in this society. The stress of poverty upon the†¦show more content†¦Programs That Mitigate the Effects of Children in Poverty Since 2007, the number of children in the United States who lived in poverty continued to increase. Nearly one in five children were considered to be poor. When compared with children from more affluent families, poor children are more likely to have poor academic performance, health, emotional and behavioral problems. A wide array of government assistance programs and policies were instituted that were intended to mitigate the effects of poverty on low- income children by making sure that their families had access to basic human necessities such a s food, housing, education, and healthcare. (Devaney, 1997, p 88). These public assistance programs were federally funded and were designed to enhance the quality of life for the poor. Programs such as Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), food stamps, school nutrition programs, Medicaid and Head Start. The Food Stamp program provides food assistance nationwide and is based on financial need. It was designed to raise the level of nutrition for low income households with children. This program provides a safety net for poor children to be able to eat even if their family has little or no money. The Food Stamp ProgramShow MoreRelatedHow Money Has A Direct Effect On Development1639 Words   |  7 PagesMillions of children and adults go to bed hungry every night. Many are also homeless and in danger of disease and disaster. Studies are now proving that money has a direct effect on development that can lead to happiness later in life. Children who are malnourished are at risk for learning disabilities and health issues. Adults who are financially insecure are at risk for unhealthy relationships as well as health issues and a lack of mental health. Elderly who are living close to the poverty line areRead MoreFinancial Assistance Programs And Policies For The Poor1548 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to the Census Bureau’s Supplemental Poverty Measure, â€Å"public programs lifted 40 million people out of poverty in 2011† (Sherman, Trisi, Parrot, 2013). Financial assistance programs are a part of the social safety net, a collection of programs aimed at helping the poor and protecting those in financial crisis. Financial assistance programs and policies for the poor are important to our nation and its people and should remain in effect. The programs support vast amounts of American citizensRead MorePoverty Is A Natural Element Of Society1515 Words   |  7 Pagesto escape the cycle of poverty. Poverty is a natural element of society. It has become so open in the American culture that in order to eliminate it would require significant change from both ends of the socio-economic spectrum. Uni ted States is one of the wealthiest nations in the world with high inequality in the nation.. Inequality exists in wealth, power, income and education (Poverty Statistics: USA Poverty, 2015). People who are born in the poverty, stay in a poverty cycle through life, notRead MoreSociology: Poverty and Stratification812 Words   |  4 PagesLiving with a poverty level income is a difficulty facing many people around the world; poverty is a cultural universal, or trait found in every known culture – not an expression of individual differences. The most basic explanation for this is the trend towards social stratification, the system by which society organizes itself into a hierarchy. In some cultures this is manifest in the form of a caste system in which people who are in poverty have little to no chance of escaping it. In the UnitedRead MorePoverty in America Essay1197 Words   |  5 Pages Everyone knows what the word poverty means. It means poor, unable to buy the necessities to survive in todays world. We do not realize how easy it is for a person to fall into poverty: A lost job, a sudden illness, a death in the family or the endless cycle of being born into poverty and not knowing how to overcome it. There are so many children in poverty and a familys structure can effect the outcome. Most of the people who are at the poverty level need some type of help to overcomeRead MoreGenerational Poverty1683 Words   |  7 Pages It examines the effects society has on person or persons. This can consist of generation poverty, the aged or elderly, and women. These populations face complex challenges in their daily lives. Economic instability, lack of resources, lack of education and lack of unity from society keeps special population groups in hardships. Generational poverty involves special population of poor people. It is cycle of poverty wherein two to three generations were born and lived in poverty. Complex factorsRead MoreMajor Risk Factors For Many Residents Living At St. Augustine1337 Words   |  6 Pages1,200-mile coastline, in which local and the government are very much worried about flooding (Simpson, 2015). They re afraid their buildings and economies will be further inundated by rising seas in just a couple of decades (Simpson, 2015). The effects and risks of flooding is a daily reality in much of St. Augustine. According to the demographic profile, there are over 13,000 people living in St. Augustine, with drinking water wells that are fouled by seawater (Simpson, 2015). In theory, one couldRead MoreHow Healthy Are The Youth Of Today s Population1206 Words   |  5 Pageshealthier environment are all gains to be had through improvements and health education. Community outreach programs, healthy lifestyles, and ensur ing vaccine availability for all children are a few simple steps to developing healthy generation. Per Maya Rossin-Slater in her article Promoting Health in Early Childhood, â€Å"Children who are healthy early in life—from conception to age five—not only grow up to be healthier adults, they are also better educated, earn more, and contribute more to the economy†Read MoreAffordable Care Act And Obamacare1171 Words   |  5 PagesMarketplace (health exchanges) became available for individuals to enroll with policies going into effect January 2014. After the first quarter of implementation, â€Å"8 million people signed up for private insurance in the Health Insurance Marketplace and an additional 3 million more people enrolled in Medicaid and CHIP†.8 At the time of inception, there were approximately 454,000 uninsured non-elderly residents in the state of Mississippi. For many years, Mississippi has topped the list of states withRead MoreEssay on Welfare Reform1022 Words   |  5 PagesWelfare Reforms effect on Women and Children The major problem facing poor Women and Children after the adoption of Welfare Reform is, the lack of adequate healthcare for these families. The Women and Children facing this problem are mainly from out-of-wedlock families. It is believed that by removing such benefits it will end such problems like crime, young black men not feeling sense of accomplishment by not working and the bond of community relationships deteriorating. In trying to address

Smoking and Second Hand Smoking Essay - 973 Words

Lifestyle is one of the determinants of health. Several factors influence the family lifestyle in UAE such as smoking. Tobacco uses still a great health hazard. It caused death for more than six million people in the world in 2010 (Aden, Karrar, Shafey Al Hosani, 2013). UAE faces a lot of negative effects related to tobacco such as cardiovascular disease which counted by 37.5% of all deaths in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi (Aden, Karrar, Shafey Al Hosani, 2013). Injury can cause mortality and disability. It was the second leading cause of death UAE between 2000 and 2008 which is estimated at 1200 deaths per year. Around 9% of deaths of children was caused by injury from 2000 to 2008 (Loney, Aw, Daniel, Handysides, Ali, Blair, Grivna Shah,†¦show more content†¦It also can increase the risk of cancer, peripheral vascular diseases, and lung cancer. Smokers are at doubled risk for ischemic stroke (Ockene Miller, 1997). Smoking plays a great role in endocrine disorders. It can dec line the rate of fertility in both male and female. It is also associated with insulin resistance (Tweed, Hsia, Lutfy, Friedman, 2012). Indeed, both types of smoking, active and passive smoking can cause serious health problems. Passive smoking is the inhalation of smoke, by persons other than the intended active smoker. It is also known as second hand smoking and it can cause premature death and morbidity. It can cause ischemic heart disease and asthma (Wipflia Sameta, 2011). Second hand smokers are at increased risk for coronary heart disease by approximately 30% (Barnoya Glantz, 2005). Second hand smoking has undesirable harmful impacts on children. It can cause lower respiratory tract infection, asthma, cot death and meningococcal disease. Children are more prone to develop the above mentioned diseases than adults as, children inhale more polluted air per kilogram (action on smoking and health, 2014). I would like to advise the paterfamilias or any smoker to visit a Clinic for Smoking Cessation as it helps them to stop smoking immediately. Home accidents and injuries are common cause of death in the UAE especially among kids. They spend most of their time inside homes. The parents believe that their home isShow MoreRelatedThe Effects of Smoking Bans on Victims of Exposure to Second Hand Smoke800 Words   |  4 PagesThe Effects of Smoking Bans on Victims of Exposure to Second Hand Smoke Exposure to second hand smoke, which for the purposes of this report will be designated SHS, poses extremely detrimental health risks for any and all individuals who consider themselves non-smokers, especially young children and pregnant women. SHS is estimated to contribute to heart attacks in nonsmokers and causes nearly 53,800 deaths in the United States alone on an annual basis.1 According to the United States SurgeonRead MoreDangers of Second Hand Smoke: Shoud Smoking in Public Areas be Permitted?1578 Words   |  7 PagesShould smoking in public areas be allowed? Have you ever gone to a restaurant or to the bowling alley and come home smelling like cigarette smoke? And while you were there, some people are sitting there smoking by you and you can’t stand the smell of it. So you go out side and to get some fresh air and what do you know there’s some more people lighting it up and smoking but they are polite enough to go outside. Doesn’t this annoy you, that you can barely go anywhere without people smoking in yourRead MoreShould Smoking Be Banned?895 Words   |  4 PagesPeople smoke all over the world. Smoking has been around for many decades. Controlling the usage of smoking depends on the smoker. Believe it or not, the government has a huge part on this. In some countries, smoking in public or enclosed areas is banned. In the United States, the owner of any public place has the right to put a â€Å"No Smoking Area† sign. Unfortunately even with these regulations, the smoker doesn’t realize how smoking c an be harmful to them and their surroundings; people are simplyRead MoreShould Smoking Be Banned Harmful Effects On Individuals And The Economy1498 Words   |  6 Pages Smoking- A Costly and Deadly Habit One of the most common problems today that are killing people all over the world is smoking. Stress, personal issues, and high blood pressure are many reasons why people start this horrible habit. One cigarette leads to another which then can lead to major addiction. When someone smokes a cigarette they are not only hurting themselves, but others around them. Smoking causes people to be exposed to hazardous fumes and chemicals in many places. The habit of smokingRead MoreThe Average Cost For Lung Cancer Surgery Is Around 15,0001367 Words   |  6 Pagessmokers have to fear right? Wrong, sadly from second hand smoke many non-smokers suffer from many of the same tobacco illnesses as every day smokers. In order to stop this the amount of smoke in the air needs to be reduced, there needs to be more alternatives, and people need to be better educated on the dangers they expose themselves and others to. All around, second hand smoking is an increasing problem that needs to be addressed. Second hand smoking is a larger problem that most people overlookRead MoreTo Smoke or Not to Smoke in Public Essay1011 Words   |  5 Pagesconcerning smoking in public places. Whether you are in favor of or in opposition to it, smoking in public places is a serious concern that need be addressed. I agree that it is unjust for smokers not to be allowed to smoke where they choose, but it is even more unreasonable for non smokers to be subjected to breathing in the exhaled smoke form someone else(passive smoking). Not to mention second-hand smoke is actually worse for someone than smoking itself. Along with the dangers second-hand smoke presentsRead MoreSecond-Hand Smoke1726 Words   |  7 PagesEffects of Second-Hand Smoke Imagine yourself sitting down to dinner at a restaurant. You are sitting down trying to enjoy your dinner when all you can smell is smoke. Not only are you just breathing in the smoke, it is also damaging your body at the same time. Or imagine yourself at your work place, whether it be a restaurant or office, and you are forced to breathe in second-hand smoke the entire time you are there. In this paper you will be informed of the harmful effects of second-hand smoke,Read MoreCigarette Smoking around the World Essay1567 Words   |  7 PagesCOMBINED (â€Å"Cigarette Smoking† 2). Scary, isnt it? That even though cigarettes can cause that many deaths, people still smoke them? Cigarette smoking is a serious problem in the United States. Especially when it is done in public. Public smoking should be banned because it is a hazard to the people around. Smoking comes with many problems. Not only for the smoker, but for the nonsmokers who are exposed to the smoke. In 1993, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) classified second-hand smoke as a GroupRead MoreSmoke As An American Citizen1099 Words   |  5 Pages Smoking Parents Tyler McClellan September 9, 2015 British Literature B Life Academy If I choose to smoke as an American citizen I will if I want simply because it is my right to do so, I mean after all is that not what this country was founded upon in the first place? Freedom? Yes it is. Since this is true why would we say you can have your freedom to do as you please but place stipulations on it? Since the United States is a free country it should be anyone`s right to smokeRead More The Health Risks of Smoking Cigarettes Essay1400 Words   |  6 PagesRisks of Smoking According to Global Smoking Statistics, 80,000 and 100,000 youths start smoking everyday. Smoking is everywhere, in shops, restaurants and malls. Smoking can be controlled if the right steps are taken. If you walked around downtown Fort Collins, the odds are good that you will encounter a smoker. The negative effects of smoking outweigh the positive effects of smoking yet people still do it. There are ways to quit that can make your life better if you smoke. Smoking goes back

Leading Change Custom Research by Essay Writers Free Essays

As the modern business world becomes more complex, so too do the things that are required for organizations to emerge as viable competitors in the challenging international environment of the 21st century.   In his book â€Å"Leading Change†, John P. Kotter discusses the needs of 21st century organizations at length; through the course of his discussion, Kotter makes several assertions that correspond directly to certain areas of education. We will write a custom essay sample on Leading Change Custom Research by Essay Writers or any similar topic only for you Order Now    In this paper, two of these areas will be further discussed. The Impact of Kotter’s Book on Educational Administration Generally stated, from Kotter’s point of view, the organizations and organizational leaders that will be most successful in the 21st century will be those that embrace learning as a lifelong pursuit (Kotter, 1996), which of course should lead to better leadership, decision making and hence stronger organizations. With this premise in mind, the impact of Kotter’s theories on educational administration becomes much clearer; administrators in the modern educational system must not make the mistake of viewing education as something that the individual pursues in their earlier years as a means of starting a career, but must view education as a holistic process that is the common denominator in the life of an individual, even after starting on a career path to upgrade skills, become more proficient in present job responsibilities, and perhaps to be promoted to higher positions where they can have more of a positive organizational impact. The demand that will exist for lifelong learning will mould the role of educational administrators into a sort of career coach or adult mentor, whereby they will be consulting the long-term learner on the best educational path to take; moreover, based upon the demands for certain curricula, the administrator will undoubtedly be involved in the creation and implementation of new courses to meet growing demand. How Kotter’s Work Could Shape the Knowledge of Educators As a consequence of the directional change of educational administrators, Kotter’s work could also shape the knowledge of educators in several significant ways.   Kotter, in â€Å"Leading Change†, puts forth the philosophy that without learning, no major positive change can take place in an organization, and with this end in mind, the members of a given organization need to be encouraged to â€Å"learn how to continue learning† and â€Å"learn how to lead† (Kotter, 1996). Therefore, just as the administrator will play a mentoring role in this new learning process, the educators themselves will become the main drivers of these new learning strategies, in pursuit of the end result.   Educators will also need to renew a commitment to lifelong learning, as they return to the classroom as students in order to learn the kinds of material that they in turn will be required to teach to the lifelong learner. In addition, their educational approach to the student will surely change extensively due to the fact that they will be directing lessons toward a much different demographic than usual, with different goals and ways of retaining material that is given to them.   Lastly, the educators will need to keep in mind that the adult learner may be resistant to the educational process, at least initially. Summary John P. Kotter poses a challenge to leaders, organization members, and the educational community in â€Å"Leading Change†.   This challenge comes in the form of a call to action that, if followed, will undoubtedly advance the modern organization and change the face of business for generations to come.   With business and education working in tandem, a new revolution is on the horizon that will provide, along with challenges, endless opportunity and promise. References (Kotter, 1996) (Kotter John P 1996 Leading Change)Kotter, John P. (1996). Leading Change. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.    How to cite Leading Change Custom Research by Essay Writers, Essays

Accounting Information System Telstra - Qantas - McDonald - Starbucks An

Question: 1. Segregation of Duties and TelstraHow does the theory apply to purchasing decisions at Telstra?2. Transaction Processing and UberHow the theory can be applied to the operation of Uber?3. Revenue Cycle and QantasHow Revenue cycle can help us understand revenue generation at Qantas?4. Expenditure Cycle and McDonaldsHow Expenditure Cycle can help us understand purchasing at McDonalds?5. Payroll Cycle and StarbucksHow Payroll Cycle can help us understand operations at Starbucks?7. Conversion Cycle and ToyotaHow Conversion Cycle can help us understand operations at Toyota? Answer: 1. Segregation of duties and Telstra Telstra is knows as largest company of Australia in telecommunications sector. The company has branches more than 6 nations cross UK, US and Australia. Since the Telstra is one of the major telecommunication has branches all over the world company purchase network form the local government like in Australia it is NBN and UK it is British telecom Purchasing power parity is theory will be helpful in understanding the Telstra purchasing style. Purchasing power parity medium helps the company to understand the difference between the nations and their purchasing style . One of the major assumptions taken here would be the difference between the country and their difference prices that has made the company to where it is feasible to do business in that nations or not. Purchasing power parity is based on the law of price which suggest that, identical form of services sold by the same company in difference prices at different nations because of the two separate market compositions. PPP theory also considers taxation policy of various nations in order adjust the exchange rate. S=P1/ P2 Where S= exchange rate of currency P1= Cost of service, x, in currency 1 P2= Cost of service, x, in currency 2 2. Revenue cycle and Qantas The revenue cycle of the Qantas depicts that, company has earn more than 16 billion as per it annual report of 2014. Company has large market presence in more than 4 continents. As per the annual report, company has revenue growth worth of 12.09% per year which shows that company has bale maintain it profitability in spite of severe competition in airline industry. The revenue cycle of the company shows that company has focused specifically in there major strategies like pricing , selling and inventory allocations. Figure 1: Revenue cycle of Qantas (Source: Horngren, Harrison and Oliver, 2012, pp-764) The revenue cycle of the company is very much effective as the company has able to manage it cash position via managing the accounts receivables and accounts payables. The revenue cycle of the company shows that, Qantas is very recognizes it accounts receivables which is very much attainable via controlling operational functions (Horngren, Harrison and Oliver, 2012). Company prepares the sales day book in order to understand the credit sales and cash sales. 3. Expenditure cycle and McDonald McDonalds is one of the largest retail chain restaurants brand in all over the world. Company has able to control its expenditure very much based on its expenditure cycle theory. The expenditure cycle theory of the McDonalds shows that, company has set budget and benchmarking system for future in order to assess and control it different expenditure all through the years (Kieso, Weygandt and Warfield, 2012). In order to expand their business, company has taken long term loan for which company has pay high interest rates which is decreasing the company profitability. Since, the company expenditure cycle is very much based on the recurring set of business activities and related to data processing. One of the primary objective of the expenditure cycle is to minimize the total cost of managing the inventory such bread and other food items. Expenditure cycle of the McDonalds helps the company in decision making of optimal form of inventory management. Company orders supplies and receive the supplies stores it along with pay for goods supplies. As per the Expenditure cycle company often follows the EOQ system which also known as the economic ordering quantity. The above theory explain that, although McDonalds is using EOQ model which restricted the company cost but company fails control its loan amount which is hurting the company expenditure cycle. 4. Payroll Cycle and Starbucks The Payroll Cycle can be effective for Starbucks to have better understanding about their operation. If the pay of the employees is increasing at continuous interval then it can be understood that employees of Starbucks are able to provide quality service and higher productivity. Apart from that, payroll cycle involves three external sources such as banks, government agencies and insurance companies. The HRM department of Starbucks can provide details regarding terminations, hiring and changes in the pay rate due to rise in the pay or salary or promotions. On the other hand, other departments can provide information relating to the hours worked and it can help in understanding the performance of operation of Starbucks. Moreover, the payroll cycle can help in getting effective information about the tax information from the government so that Starbucks can make decision whether to make changes in the price of the products offered or not. Further, the payroll cycle can help in updating the payroll master file, updating tax rates and deductions, validating attendance data and time, schemes for pay, etc (Horngren, Harrison and Oliver, 2012). Therefore, it can be valuable for Starbucks to have better control over their operations and structure the payroll system for their employees. 5. Conversion Cycle and Toyota The conversion cycle will assist Toyota in knowing the amount of time the business will take in order to sell the inventory and making cash available. The conversion cycle will provide appropriate time that the company will be bearing to convert their assets or inventory into cash. On the other hand, the time will be known through acquiring cash for the product sold on credit to clients. Therefore, Toyota will have a clear picture about how faster they can generate cash or receive payments for their product and services. Thus, it will help Toyota to make decision whether in future they should sell products on credit or not. Apart from that, if conversion cycle shows larger result then it will not be a healthier cycle for Toyota and on the other side if the conversion cycle shows smaller result then the company will receive payment in quick time. Moreover, cash conversion cycle will help Toyota in measuring how efficiently and quickly they can pull out cash from operation. Further, co nversion cycle will let Toyota know when they can be able to pay to their suppliers (Kieso, Weygandt and Warfield, 2012). Thus, Toyota will better understand the gap between account receivables and account payable. References Horngren, C., Harrison, W. and Oliver, M. (2012). Accounting. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. Kieso, D., Weygandt, J. and Warfield, T. (2012). Intermediate accounting. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Charles Dickens characters Essay Example For Students

Charles Dickens characters Essay Oliver Twist is written from a 3rd person point of view. It is as though Charles Dickens is watching the events unfold before him and telling the reader how he sees them, although often with a slight bias towards Oliver. It is told by an omniscient narrator. When Oliver Twist was first written it was in weekly sagas for a magazine. This explains the cliffhangers at the end of each chapter and the way the storylines jump around and are unpredictable. And still the two old gentleman sat, perseveringly, in the dark parlour, with a watch between them. is an example of one of these cliffhangers. This writing style makes the book more exciting and unpredictable. A Safe Place is narrated as an autobiographical account of Lorenzo Carcaterras life. It is mostly his thoughts and opinions on events although occasionally he tries to show other peoples feelings about situations in his writing. He talks about delicate events without compassion as though they were an everyday occurrence, His wifes head hung to one side, her arms and legs weightless and limp, her mouth half-open, her tongue curled near the edge of her lower lip. She had been dead for less than a minute. Unlike most autobiographies, A Safe Place is not written in chronological order. Instead it is written as though Lorenzo Carcaterra is piecing together the events in his mind to work out what happened in both his and his fathers life. This erratic, unconventional writing style is often hard to follow but makes the book more interesting to read. The two novels contrasting styles help make both an interesting read although Oliver Twist does seem dated now. In Oliver Twist Charles Dickens is, as well as telling a story, giving a social commentary on Victorian times. Throughout the novel he condemns the way Victorians treated the poor, womens role in society, the amount of crime in London at the time and the unfairness of the workhouse system. What a pity he isnt a prig! the Artful Dodger says about Oliver at one point, showing Dickens thought on how criminals were criminals for life in Victorian times. There was no other option. Each one of Charles Dickens characters has something to say about the way they are treated, abused, mistaken. Oliver himself experiences all of these cruelties during his hardships and Dickens uses him to give what can only be described as a rant on the government and society of the time. A Safe Place also has a lot to say about the way the poor are treated by society as well as each other. Despite this it contrastingly talks about a unity and feeling of closeness between members of the neighbourhood. The beatings Lorenzo Carcaterra and his mother received at the hands of his father are seen as both disturbing and an integral part of family life. It is a view of volatile family life from a member of such a family. This position gives A Safe Place a very personal feel to it as Lorenzo Carcaterra tells us all his thoughts on his unpleasant childhood and then continues these themes into his adult life. The books are written from a suitable point of view for the theme although A Safe Place is probably a slightly more in-depth and realistic view of the issues it deals with. Oliver Twist is more of a commentary although Charles Dickens childhood was also filled with poverty so he was in a better position than most to write about struggling to survive. In both books the poverty of certain characters leads to large amounts of stress, which leads to murder. .u2ca342df76b50e9ec859afb4da9ca9bd , .u2ca342df76b50e9ec859afb4da9ca9bd .postImageUrl , .u2ca342df76b50e9ec859afb4da9ca9bd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2ca342df76b50e9ec859afb4da9ca9bd , .u2ca342df76b50e9ec859afb4da9ca9bd:hover , .u2ca342df76b50e9ec859afb4da9ca9bd:visited , .u2ca342df76b50e9ec859afb4da9ca9bd:active { border:0!important; } .u2ca342df76b50e9ec859afb4da9ca9bd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2ca342df76b50e9ec859afb4da9ca9bd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2ca342df76b50e9ec859afb4da9ca9bd:active , .u2ca342df76b50e9ec859afb4da9ca9bd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2ca342df76b50e9ec859afb4da9ca9bd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2ca342df76b50e9ec859afb4da9ca9bd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2ca342df76b50e9ec859afb4da9ca9bd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2ca342df76b50e9ec859afb4da9ca9bd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2ca342df76b50e9ec859afb4da9ca9bd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2ca342df76b50e9ec859afb4da9ca9bd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2ca342df76b50e9ec859afb4da9ca9bd .u2ca342df76b50e9ec859afb4da9ca9bd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2ca342df76b50e9ec859afb4da9ca9bd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Discuss how Miller presents the themes of truth and justice in 'The Crucible' EssayThis is an underlying theme in both books, saying that people only commit crimes because they are put in a position where they have to. I conclude that A Safe Place and Oliver Twist have very similar themes, those being poverty, poor upbringing, isolation and death, but are written in very different styles, based on very different stories set in different periods and different places. Despite these differences both books provide a very good view of life at the time they were written and are as much about society and history as they are about being stories.